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Nilotic languages

From Wikipedia

Template:Short description Template:Infobox language family

The Nilotic languages are languages spoken across wide areas between Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania by the Nilotic peoples.[1][2][3][4]

Etymology

The word Nilotic means of or relating to the Nile River or to the Nile region of Africa. The Nile River runs from Rwanda through various countries down to Egypt.[5][6]

Demographics

Nilotic peoples, who are the native speakers of the languages, originally migrated from the Gezira area in Sudan. Nilotic language speakers live in parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda.[7]

Subdivisions

According to linguist Joseph Greenberg, the language family is divided up into three subgroups:[8]

  1. Eastern Nilotic languages such as Turkana and Maasai
  2. Southern Nilotic languages such as Kalenjin and Datooga
  3. Western Nilotic languages such as Luo, Nuer and Dinka

These Nilotic languages' groupings are geographical classifications rather than mutual intelligibility. For instance, the Dinka is a different language from the Luo, which is also different from Nuer etc. Some words may sound similar due to shared location although these are distinct ethnic groups, with distinct speeches.[2] Template:Citation needed Dinka and Nuer languages are not mutually intelligible but they share a common vocabulary since both languages are related Western Nilotic languages.[9]

Before Greenberg's reclassification, Nilotic was used to refer to Western Nilotic alone, with the other two being grouped as related "Nilo-Hamitic" languages.[10]

Blench (2012) treats the Burun languages as a fourth subgroup of Nilotic.[11] In previous classifications, the languages were included within the Luo languages. Starostin (2015) treats the Mabaan-Burun languages as "West Nilotic" but outside the Luo level.[12]

Reconstruction

Over 200 Proto-Nilotic lexical roots have been reconstructed by Dimmendaal (1988).[13] Dimmendaal reconstructs the Proto-Nilotic consonants as follows:

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular
Plosive voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link
Fricative Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Implosive Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Trill Template:IPA link
Lateral Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

Numerals

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[14]

Classification Language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Eastern, Bari Bari Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo Lopit F / M Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (litː < 'hand') Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo Lotuho (Lotuxo) (1) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (litː < 'hand') Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo Lotuho (Lotuxo) (2) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". < 'hand' Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Ongamo-Maa Maasai Script error: No such module "Lang". (fem), Script error: No such module "Lang". (masc), Script error: No such module "Lang". (place) Script error: No such module "Lang". (fem), Script error: No such module "Lang". (masc) Script error: No such module "Lang". (fem), Script error: No such module "Lang". (masc) Script error: No such module "Lang". (fem), Script error: No such module "Lang". (masc) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (f.), Script error: No such module "Lang". (m.) Script error: No such module "Lang". < Kalenjin Script error: No such module "Lang". (fem), Script error: No such module "Lang". (masc) Script error: No such module "Lang". < Kalenjin
Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Ongamo-Maa Samburu Script error: No such module "Lang". (fem), Script error: No such module "Lang". (masc), Script error: No such module "Lang". (place) Script error: No such module "Lang". (fem), Script error: No such module "Lang". (masc) Script error: No such module "Lang". (fem), Script error: No such module "Lang". (masc) Script error: No such module "Lang". (fem), Script error: No such module "Lang". (masc) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". < Kalenjin Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". < Kalenjin
Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Teso Teso (Ateso) (1) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Teso Teso (Ateso) (2) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". < 'hand' Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Turkana Karamojong (Dodotho) (1) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (< hand) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Turkana Karamojong (2) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". < hand Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Turkana Nyangatom Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (litː hand) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Turkana Toposa Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". < hand Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Turkana Turkana Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". < hand Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Southern, Kalenjin, Elgon Kupsabiny (Sebei) Script error: No such module "Lang". [akɛ́ːŋkɛ] Script error: No such module "Lang". [ɑréːɲ] Script error: No such module "Lang". [sómok] Script error: No such module "Lang". [aŋwán] Script error: No such module "Lang". [múːt] Script error: No such module "Lang". [múːt ɑk akɛ́ːŋkɛ] Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang". [támán]
Southern, Kalenjin, Elgon Sabaot (Koony dialect) Script error: No such module "Lang". [aɡɛ́ːŋɡɛ] Script error: No such module "Lang". [ɑyéːŋ] Script error: No such module "Lang". [sómok] Script error: No such module "Lang". [aŋwán] Script error: No such module "Lang". [múːt] Script error: No such module "Lang". [lɑ] Script error: No such module "Lang". [tɪ́sap] Script error: No such module "Lang". [sɪsɪ́ːt] Script error: No such module "Lang". [sɑ́kɑːl] Script error: No such module "Lang". [támán]
Southern, Kalenjin, Nandi-Markweta, Markweta Cherang'any Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Southern, Kalenjin, Nandi-Markweta, Markweta Endo (Marakwet) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Southern, Kalenjin, Nandi-Markweta, Nandi Keiyo Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Southern, Kalenjin, Nandi-Markweta, Nandi Tugen Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Southern, Kalenjin, Okiek Akie (Okiek) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Southern, Kalenjin, Pokot Pökoot (Suk) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Southern, Tatoga Asimjeeg Datooga (1) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Southern, Tatoga Datooga (2) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Southern, Tatoga Datooga (3) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka Dinka Agaar Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka Dinka Padang Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Dinka-Nuer, Nuer Nuer (1) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Dinka-Nuer, Nuer Nuer (2) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Luo, Northern, Anuak Anuak(Anyua) (1) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Luo, Northern, Anuak Anuak (2) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Luo, Northern, Bor Belanda Bor Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Luo, Northern, Jur Luwo Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Luo, Northern, Mabaan-Burun, Burun Burun (Mayak) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Luo, Northern, Mabaan-Burun, Mabaan Mabaan Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang". (lit: both hands)
Western, Luo, Northern, Shilluk Shilluk Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Luo, Northern, Thuri Thuri Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Luo, Northern, Unclassified Päri (Lokoro) (1) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Luo, Northern, Unclassified Päri (Lokoro) (2) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1), Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2), Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3), Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4), Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Luo, Southern, Adhola Adhola (1) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Luo, Southern, Adhola Adhola (2) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Luo, Southern, Kumam Kumam Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Luo, Southern, Luo-Acholi, Alur-Acholi, Alur Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Luo, Southern, Luo-Acholi, Alur-Acholi, Labwor Acholi (Labwor) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Luo, Southern, Luo-Acholi, Alur-Acholi, Acholi Acholi Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 3)?? Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 4) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Western, Luo, Southern, Luo-Acholi, Luo Dholuo Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 1) Script error: No such module "Lang". (5 + 2) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".

See also

Further reading

References

Template:Reflist

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Template:Eastern Sudanic languages Template:Nilo-Saharan families Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Template:Cite Journal
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Roger Blench (2012) Nilo-Saharan language list
  12. ↑ George Starostin (2015) The Eastern Sudanic hypothesis tested through lexicostatistics: current state of affairs (Draft 1.0)
  13. ↑ Dimmendaal, Gerrit Jan. 1988. "The lexical reconstruction of proto-Nilotic: a first reconnaissance." Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere (AAP) 16: 5-67.
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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