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Ss: Difference between revisions

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Only SS is redirected to German SS. Ss redirects to SS (disambiguation)
 
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#REDIRECT [[SS (disambiguation)]]
{{Short description|Letter of the Latin alphabet; used in the German language}}
{{Lowercase title}}
{{hatnote group|
{{about-distinguish|the German eszett|B}}{{for-multi|the Greek letter that looks similar|Beta|the Chinese radical|阝|the Malayalam script|Bha (Indic)#Malayalam Bha}}
}}
{{Infobox grapheme
|name=ẞ
|letter=ẞ ß
|variations=
|image=File:Latin letter eszett.svg
|imageclass=skin-invert-image
|imagesize=200px
|script=[[Latin script]]
|type=[[Alphabet]]
|typedesc=ic
|language=[[Early New High German]]
|phonemes=[{{IPAlink|s}}]
|unicode=U+1E9E, U+00DF
|alphanumber=
|number=
|fam1=<hiero>M40 , Z4</hiero>
|fam2=[[File:Proto-semiticS-01.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Proto-Sinaitic Shin]], [[File:Proto-semiticZ-01.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Proto-Sinaitic Zayin]]
|fam3=[[File:Phoenician_sin.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Phoenician Sin]], [[File:Phoenician zayin.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Phoenician Zayin]]
|fam4=[[Sigma|ς]], [[Zeta|ζ]]
|fam5=[[𐌔]], [[𐌆]]
|fam6=[[s]][[z]]
|fam7=[[long s|ſ]][[ezh |ʒ]]
|usageperiod=~1300s to present
|children=None
|sisters=None
|equivalents=ss, sz
|associates=[[List of Latin-script digraphs#S|ss, sz]]
|direction=Left-to-right
}}
<div class='skin-invert-image'>{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=250
| image1 =  S-sharp-s-Cambria.svg |width1=125|height1=
| image2 =  S-sharp-s-Lucida-Sans.svg |width2=125|height2=
| image3 = Theuerdank szlig.png  |width3=70|height3=
| image4 =  Kurrent ß.svg |width4=100|height4=
| footer = Variant forms of ''Eszett'' (from top-left to bottom-right): [[Cambria (typeface)|Cambria]] (2004), [[Lucida Sans]] (1985), [[Theuerdank#Theuerdank font|Theuerdank]] blackletter (1933, based on a 1517 type), handwritten [[Kurrent]] (1865)
}}</div>
 
'''ß''' is a letter of the [[German alphabet]]. In [[German language|German]] it is called '''{{lang|de|Eszett}}''' ({{IPA|de|ɛsˈtsɛt|pron}}, {{gloss|S-Z}}) or '''{{lang|de|scharfes S}}''' ({{IPA|de|ˌʃaʁfəs ˈʔɛs|}}, {{gloss|sharp S}}). It represents the [[phoneme]] {{IPAslink|s}} in [[Standard German]] when following [[long vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s. In English, it is called '''double s''', '''eszett''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lingoda.com/blog/en/german-double-s-eszett/|title=German double s and eszett|publisher=Lingoda|author=Sandra Köktas|date=20 September 2022 |language=English|accessdate=7 October 2024}}</ref> or '''sharp s'''.<ref name="Unicode_00DF">{{Citation |author=Unicode Consortium |author-link=Unicode Consortium |year=2018 |title=C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement, Range 0080–00FF |work=The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0 |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf |access-date=2018-08-09 |postscript=.}}</ref> It is currently used only in [[German language|German]], and can be typographically replaced with the double-s digraph {{angbr|ss}} if the character {{angbr|ß}} is unavailable. In the 20th century, {{angbr|ß}} was replaced with {{angbr|ss}} in the spelling of [[Swiss Standard German]] (Switzerland and [[Liechtenstein]]), while remaining [[Standard German]] spelling in other varieties of the German language.<ref name="Swiss">{{cite web |url=http://www.so.ch/fileadmin/internet/dbk/evkaa/Infos/Unterricht/Rechtschreibung_Leitfaden.pdf |title=Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung |trans-title=Guide to German Orthography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708004012/http://www.so.ch/fileadmin/internet/dbk/evkaa/Infos/Unterricht/Rechtschreibung_Leitfaden.pdf |archive-date=2012-07-08 |edition=3rd |year=2007 |lang=de |publisher=[[Swiss Federal Chancellery]] |access-date=22 April 2012}}</ref>{{clarify|date=March 2026|reason=All other varieties, or just Standard?}}
 
The letter originated as the {{angbr|[[sz (digraph)|sz]]}} [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] used in [[Early New High German|late medieval and early modern German]] orthography, represented as a [[typographic ligature|ligature]] of {{angbr|ſ}} ([[long s]]) and {{angbr|ʒ}} ([[Z#Variant and derived forms|tailed z]]) in [[blackletter]] typefaces, yielding {{angbr|ſʒ}}.{{efn|The [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] symbol [[ezh]] (ʒ) somewhat resembles the blackletter z (<math>\mathfrak{z}</math>) and is used in this article for convenience despite its technical inaccuracy. The preferred form of transcription by Unicode is the "hooked z" ([[ȥ]]),{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} a toned-down version of the tailed z in 19th-century printed texts.}} This developed from an earlier usage of {{angbr|z}} in [[Old High German|Old]] and [[Middle High German]] to represent a [[sibilant]] that did not sound the same as {{angbr|s}}; when the difference between the two sounds was lost in the 13th century, the two symbols came to be combined as {{angbr|sz}} in some situations.
 
Traditionally, {{angbr|ß}} did not have a capital form, and was capitalized as {{angbr|SS}}. Some [[type design]]ers introduced capitalized variants. In 2017, the [[Council for German Orthography]] officially adopted a capital form {{angbr|ẞ}} as an acceptable variant, ending a long debate.<ref name="Long debate">{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1033265/germanys-century-long-debate-over-a-missing-letter-in-its-alphabet|title=Germany has ended a century-long debate over a missing letter in its alphabet|last=Ha|first=Thu-Huong|date=20 July 2017 |language=English|access-date=9 August 2017|quote=According to the council's 2017 spelling manual: When writing the uppercase [of ß], write SS. It’s also possible to use the uppercase ẞ. Example: Straße — STRASSE — STRAẞE.}}</ref>
Since 2024 the capital has been preferred over {{angbr|SS}}.<ref name="Amtliches Regelwerk">{{Cite web |access-date=28 August 2024 |url=https://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/RfdR_Amtliches-Regelwerk_2024.pdf |title=Amtliches Regelwerk der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Auf der Grundlage des Beschlusses des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung vom 15.12.2023 |at=§25, E3 |quote={{lang|de|E3: Bei Schreibung mit Großbuchstaben ist neben der Verwendung des Großbuchstabens ẞ auch die Schreibung SS möglich: Straße – STRAẞE – STRASSE.}} [When writing with capital letters, in addition to using the capital letter ẞ, the spelling SS is also possible. Example: Straße – STRAẞE – STRASSE.]}}</ref>
 
== Name ==
The letter-name {{wikt-lang|de|Eszett}} combines the [[names of the letters]] {{angbr|s}} ({{lang|de|Es}}) and {{angbr|z}} ({{lang|de|Zett}}) in German.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}
 
== Usage ==
===Current usage===
In [[standard German]], three letters or combinations of letters commonly represent {{IPA|de|s|}} (the [[voiceless alveolar fricative]]) depending on its position in a word: {{angbr|s}}, {{angbr|ss}}, and {{angbr|ß}}. According to [[German orthography reform of 1996|current German orthography]], {{angbr|ß}} represents the sound {{IPA|de|s|}}:
#when it is written after a [[diphthong]] or [[long vowel]] and is not followed by another consonant in the [[word stem]]: {{lang|de|Straße}}, {{lang|de|Maß}}, {{lang|de|groß}}, {{lang|de|heißen}} [Exceptions: {{lang|de|aus}} and words with [[final devoicing]] (e.g., {{lang|de|Haus}})];<ref name="IDS">{{cite web|title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung: 2.3 Besonderheiten bei [s] § 25 |url=https://grammis.ids-mannheim.de/rechtschreibung/6180 |access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref> and
#when a word stem ending with {{angbr|ß}} takes an [[inflection]]al ending beginning with a consonant: {{lang|de|heißt}}, {{lang|de|größte}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Duden: Die Grammatik |edition=9 |year=2016 |page=84}}</ref>
 
In verbs with roots where the vowel changes length, this means that some forms may be written with {{angbr|ß}}, others with {{angbr|ss}}: {{lang|de|wissen}}, {{lang|de|er weiß}}, {{lang|de|er wusste}}.<ref name="IDS"/>
 
The use of {{angbr|ß}} distinguishes [[minimal pair]]s such as {{lang|de|reißen}} ({{IPA|de|ˈʁaɪsn̩|IPA}}, {{gloss|to rip}}) and {{lang|de|reisen}} ({{IPA|de|ˈʁaɪzn̩|}}, {{gloss|to travel}}) on the one hand ({{IPA|de|s|}} vs. {{IPA|de|z|}}), and {{lang|de|Buße}} ({{IPA|de|ˈbuːsə|}}, {{gloss|penance}}) and {{lang|de|Busse}} ({{IPA|de|ˈbʊsə|}}, {{gloss|buses}}) on the other (long vowel before {{angbr|ß}}, short vowel before {{angbr|ss}}).<ref name="augst">{{cite book |author-last1=Augst |author-first1=Gerhard |author-last2=Stock |author-first2=Eberhard |chapter=Laut-Buchstaben-Zuordnung |title=Zur Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung: Begründung und Kritik |editor-last1=Augst |editor-first1=Gerhard |editor-last2=Blüml |editor-first2=Karl |display-editors=1 |publisher=Max Niemeyer |year=1997 |isbn=3-484-31179-7}}</ref>{{rp|123}}
 
Some proper names may use {{angbr|ß}} after a short vowel, following older orthography; this is also true of some words derived from proper names (e.g., {{lang|de|Litfaßsäule}}, {{gloss|[[advertising column]]}}, named after [[Ernst Litfaß]]).<ref name="poschenrieder">{{cite book|last=Poschenrieder |first=Thorwald |chapter=S-Schreibung - Überlieferung oder Reform? |title=Die Rechtschreibreform: Pro und Kontra |editor-last1=Eroms |editor-first1=Hans-Werner |editor-last2=Munske |editor-first2=Horst Haider|publisher=Erich Schmidt |year=1997 |isbn=3-50303786-1}}</ref>{{rp|180}}
 
If no {{angbr|ß}} is available in a font, then the official orthography calls for {{angbr|ß}} to be replaced with {{angbr|ss}}.<ref> {{cite web|access-date=20 September 2023 |url=https://grammis.ids-mannheim.de/rechtschreibung |title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung: Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis |at=2.3 E3 |quote={{lang|de|Steht der Buchstabe ß nicht zur Verfügung, so schreibt man ss.}} [If the letter ß is unavailable, then one writes ss.]}}</ref> Since 2024, when writing in capital letters, {{angbr|ẞ}} is preferred, but {{angbr|SS}} may be used instead.<ref name="Amtliches Regelwerk"/> Previously, {{angbr|SS}} was the preferred form.<ref name="DRR und W-2017">{{Cite web |access-date=29 June 2017 |url=http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2017.pdf |title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2016 |year=2017 |at=§25, E3 |quote={{lang|de|E3: Bei Schreibung mit Großbuchstaben schreibt man SS. Daneben ist auch die Verwendung des Großbuchstabens ẞ möglich. Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.}} [When writing in all caps, one writes SS. It is also permitted to write ẞ. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706162042/http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2017.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=20 September 2023 |url=https://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2011.pdf |title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2006 |year=2006 |at=§25, E3 |quote={{lang|de|E3: Bei Schreibung mit Groẞbuchstaben schreibt man SS, zum Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE.}} [When writing in all caps, one writes SS, for example: Straße – STRASSE.]}}</ref>
 
===In pre-1996 orthography===
[[File:RechtschreibreformBeiStrassennamen.jpg|thumb|Replacement street sign in [[Aachen]], adapted to the 1996 spelling reform (old: {{lang|de|Kongreßstraße}}, new: {{lang|de|Kongressstraße}})]]
According to the orthography in use in German prior to the [[German orthography reform of 1996]], {{angbr|ß}} was written to represent {{IPA|de|s|}}:
#word internally following a long vowel or diphthong: {{lang|de|Straße}}, {{lang|de|reißen}}; and
#at the end of a syllable or before a consonant, so long as {{IPA|de|s|}} is the end of the word stem: {{lang|de|muß}}, {{lang|de|faßt}}, {{lang|de|wäßrig}}.<ref name="poschenrieder"/>{{rp|176}}
In the old orthography, [[word stem]]s spelled {{angbr|ss}} internally could thus be written {{angbr|ß}} in certain instances, without this reflecting a change in vowel length: {{lang|de|küßt}} (from {{lang|de|küssen}}), {{lang|de|faßt}} (from {{lang|de|fassen}}), {{lang|de|verläßlich}} and {{lang|de|Verlaß}} (from {{lang|de|verlassen}}), {{lang|de|kraß}} (comparative: {{lang|de|krasser}}).<ref name="augst"/>{{rp|121-23}}<ref name="munske">{{cite book|last=Munske |first=Horst Haider|title=Lob der Rechtschreibung: Warum wir schreiben, wie wir schreiben |publisher=C. H. Beck |year=2005 |isbn=3-406-52861-9 |page=66}}</ref> In rare occasions, the difference between {{angbr|ß}} and {{angbr|ss}} could help differentiate words: {{lang|de|Paßende}} (expiration of a pass) and {{lang|de|passende}} (appropriate).<ref name="poschenrieder"/>{{rp|178}}
 
[[File:ABSCHUSZGERAET.jpg|thumb|Capitalization as SZ on a [[Bundeswehr]] crate ({{lang|de|ABSCHUSZGERAET}} for the pre-reform spelling {{lang|de|Abschußgerät}} 'launcher')]]
As in the new orthography, it was possible to write {{angbr|ss}} for {{angbr|ß}} if the character was not available. When using all capital letters, the pre-1996 rules called for rendering {{angbr|ß}} as {{angbr|SS}} except when there was ambiguity, in which case it should be rendered as {{angbr|SZ}}. The common example for such a case is {{lang|de|IN MASZEN}} ({{lang|de|in Maßen}} "in moderate amounts") vs. {{lang|de|IN MASSEN}} ({{lang|de|in Massen}} "in massive amounts"); in this example the spelling difference between {{angbr|ß}} vs. {{angbr|ss}} produces completely different meanings.{{cn|date=August 2023}}
 
=== Switzerland and Liechtenstein ===
In [[Swiss Standard German]], {{angbr|ss}} usually replaces every {{angbr|ß}}.<ref>{{ill|Peter Gallmann|de|lt=Peter Gallmann.}} [http://www.personal.uni-jena.de/~x1gape/Pub/Eszett_1997.pdf "Warum die Schweizer weiterhin kein Eszett schreiben."] in ''Die Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Begründung und Kritik.'' Gerhard Augst, et al., eds. Niemayer: 1997. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200450/http://www.personal.uni-jena.de/~x1gape/Pub/Eszett_1997.pdf Archived.])</ref><ref>[https://www.bk.admin.ch/dam/bk/de/dokumente/sprachdienste/sprachdienst_de/rechtschreibleitfaden-2017.pdf.download.pdf/rechtschreibleitfaden-2017.pdf "Rechtschreibung: Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung."] [[Federal Chancellery of Switzerland|Schweizerische Bundeskanzlei]], in Absprache mit der Präsidentin der Staatsschreiberkonferenz. 2017. pp. 19, 21–22.</ref>  This is officially sanctioned by the reformed German orthography rules, which state in §25&nbsp;E<small>2</small>: "{{lang|de|In der Schweiz kann man immer „ss“ schreiben}}" ("In [[Switzerland]], one may always write 'ss'").  [[Liechtenstein]] follows the same practice.  There are very few instances where the difference between spelling {{angbr|ß}} and {{angbr|ss}} affects the meaning of a word, and these can usually be told apart by context.<ref name="walder">{{cite journal |last=Walder |first=Adrienne |title=Das versale Eszett: Ein neuer Buchstabe im deutschen Alphabet |doi=10.1515/zgl-2020-2001 |pages=211–237  |journal=Zeitschrift für Germanitische Linguistik |volume=48 |issue=2 |year=2020 |s2cid=225226660 }}</ref>{{rp|230}}<ref>[https://www.bk.admin.ch/dam/bk/de/dokumente/sprachdienste/sprachdienst_de/rechtschreibleitfaden-2017.pdf.download.pdf/rechtschreibleitfaden-2017.pdf "Rechtscreibung: Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung."] [[Federal Chancellery of Switzerland|Schweizerische Bundeskanzlei]], in Absprache mit der Präsidentin der Staatsschreiberkonferenz. 2017. pp. 21–22.</ref>
 
=== Other uses ===
[[File:Kirche Oßling AB 2011 14.JPG|thumb|left|Use of ß (blackletter 'ſz') in [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian]]: ''wyßokoſcʒ́i'' ("highest", now spelled ''wysokosći''). Text of [[Luke 2]]:14, in a church in [[Oßling]].]]
[[File:BibliaWujka.PNG|thumb|Use of ß in [[Polish language|Polish]], in 1599 ''[[Jakub Wujek Bible]]'', in the word ''náßéy'', which means ''our'', and would be spelled ''naszej'' in modern orthography]]
 
Occasionally, {{angbr|ß}} has been used in unusual ways:
* As the Greek lowercase {{angbr|β}} ([[beta (letter)|beta]]). The original IBM PC [[Code page 437|CP437]] contains a glyph that minimizes their differences placed between {{angbr|α}} (alpha) and {{angbr|γ}} (gamma) but named "Sharp s Small".<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP00437.txt
|title=Code Page (CPGID): 00437
|date=1984
|website=IBM software FTP server
|publisher=IBM
|access-date=11 April 2021
}}</ref> Substitution was also done using other character sets such as [[ISO/IEC 8859-1]] even though they contain no other Greek letters. The lowercase eszett has also been misused as {{angbr|β}} in scientific writing and vice versa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Jaime A. Teixeira da |date=2021-04-05 |title=Confusing German Eszett (ẞ; ß) with Greek beta (β) in Biomedical Writing |url=https://www.csescienceeditor.org/article/confusing-german-eszett-%C3%9F-s-with-greek-beta-%CE%B2-in-biomedical-writing/ |journal=Science Editor |language=en-US |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=23–24 |doi=10.36591/SE-D-4401-23|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* In Prussian [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], as in the first book published in Lithuanian, [[Martynas Mažvydas]]' ''[[Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas|Simple Words of Catechism]]'',<ref>{{cite book
|last=Zinkevičius
|first=Zigmas
|date=1996
|title=The History of the Lithuanian Language
|location=Vilnius
|publisher=Science and Encyclopedia Publishers
|page= 230-236
|isbn=9785420013632
}}</ref> as well as in [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian]] (see example on the left).
* For [[sadhe]] in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] glosses, in place of the standard {{angbr|[[ṣ]]}}, when that character is unavailable due to limitations of [[HTML]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/
|title=ETCSL display conventions
|website=The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
|last1=Black
|first1=J.A.
|last2=Cunningham
|first2=G.
|last3=Fluckiger-Hawker
|first3=E.
|last4=Robson
|first4=E.
|last5=Zólyomi
|first5=G.
|year=1998–2021
|publisher=Oxford University
|access-date=11 April 2021
}}</ref>
* The letter appeared in the alphabet made by [[Jan Kochanowski]] for the [[Polish language]], that was used from the 16th until the 18th century. It represented the [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]] ({{IPA|[ʃ]}}) sound.<ref name=p1>{{cite web|url=https://www.2plus3d.pl/artykuly/skad-sie-wziely-znaki-diakrytyczne|website=2plus3d.pl|title=Skąd się wzięły znaki diakrytyczne?|language=pl|access-date=2021-08-29|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421114922/https://www.2plus3d.pl/artykuly/skad-sie-wziely-znaki-diakrytyczne|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=p2>{{cite web|url=https://idb.neon24.pl/post/106082,bon-ton-e-a-aby-pismo-bylo-polskie|website=idb.neon24.pl|title=Bon ton Ę-Ą. Aby pismo było polskie.|date=5 August 2023 |language=pl}}</ref> It was for example used in the ''[[Jakub Wujek Bible]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bibliepolskie.pl/przeklady.php?tid=4|website=bibliepolskie.pl|language=pl|title=Tłumaczenia ksiąg biblijnych na język polski}}</ref>
* Some authors have used it in German at the beginning of words to transcribe the voiceless s of certain accents.<ref>For example ''Ssein, ja ßein soll es ßie, ßie, ßie!'' in {{cite work|first1=Karl|last1=May|title=Der Weg zum Glück|date=1886–1888|url=https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/may/wegglue1/chap004.html}}</ref>
 
== History ==
===Origin and development===
[[File:Nibelungenlied manuscript - “grozer”.jpg|thumb|Use of [[Middle High German]] letter "z" for modern "ß" in the beginning of the [[Nibelungenlied]]: "grozer" = "großer"]]
 
As a result of the [[High German consonant shift]], [[Old High German]] developed a sound generally spelled {{angbr|zz}} or {{angbr|z}} that was probably pronounced {{IPA|[s]}} and was contrasted with a sound, probably pronounced {{IPA|[⁠s̠]}} ([[voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant]]) or {{IPA|[z̠]}} ([[voiced alveolar retracted sibilant]]), depending on the place in the word, and spelled {{angbr|s}}.<ref name="Salmons-2018">{{cite book |last=Salmons |first=Joseph |title=A History of German: What the past reveals about today's language |edition=2 |year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-872302-8|page=203}}</ref> Given that {{angbr|z}} could also represent the [[affricate]] {{IPA|[ts]}}, some attempts were made to differentiate the sounds by spelling {{IPA|[s]}} as {{angbr|zss}} or {{angbr|zs}}: {{lang|goh|wazssar}} ({{langx|de|Wasser}}), {{lang|goh|fuozssi}} ({{langx|de|Füße}}), {{lang|goh|heizsit}} ({{langx|de|heißt}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=Braune |first=Wilhelm |title=Althochdeutsche Grammatik I |publisher=Max Niemeyer |year=2004 |isbn=3-484-10861-4 |page=152}}</ref> In [[Middle High German]], {{angbr|zz}} simplified to {{angbr|z}} at the end of a word or after a long vowel, but was retained word internally after a short vowel: {{lang|gmh|wazzer}} ({{langx|de|Wasser}}) vs. {{lang|gmh|lâzen}} ({{langx|de|lassen}}) and {{lang|mhg|fuoz}} ({{langx|de|Fuß}}).<ref name="Paul-1998">{{cite book |last=Paul |first=Hermann |title=Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik |edition=24 |year=1998 |publisher=Max Niemeyer |isbn=3-484-10233-0 |page=163 }}</ref>
 
[[File:Crop of vsz from History vom Herr Flordimar Cod Don 140 fol 37r.jpg|thumb|Use of the late medieval ligature {{angbr|ſz}} in [[Ulrich Füetrer]]'s {{lang|de|Buch der Abenteuer}}: "uſz" (modern German {{lang|de|aus}})]]
 
In the thirteenth century, the phonetic difference between {{angbr|z}} and {{angbr|s}} was lost at the beginning and end of words in all dialects except for [[Gottscheerish]].<ref name="Salmons-2018"/> Word-internally, Old and Middle High German {{angbr|s}} came to be pronounced {{IPA|[z]}} (the [[voiced alveolar sibilant]]), while Old and Middle High German {{angbr|z}} continued to be pronounced {{IPA|[s]}}. This produces the contrast between modern standard German {{lang|de|reisen}} and {{lang|de|reißen}}. The former is pronounced {{IPA|de|ˈʁaɪzn̩|}} and comes from {{langx|gmh|reisen}}, while the latter is pronounced {{IPA|de|ˈʁaɪsn̩|}} and comes from {{langx|gmh|reizen}}.<ref name="penzl">{{cite journal|last=Penzl |first=Herbert |title=Die mittelhochdeutschen Sibilanten und ihre Weiterentwicklung |journal=Word |volume=24 |year=1968 |issue=1–3 |doi=10.1080/00437956.1968.11435536 |pages=344, 348}}</ref>
 
In the late medieval and early modern periods, {{IPA|[s]}} was frequently spelled {{angbr|sz}} or {{angbr|ss}}. The earliest appearance of [[Orthographic ligature|ligature]] resembling the modern {{angbr|ß}} is in a fragment of a [[manuscript]] of the poem ''[[Wolfdietrich]]'' from around 1300.<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|214}}<ref name="penzl"/> In the Gothic [[book hand]]s and [[bastarda]] scripts of the [[late medieval]] period, {{angbr|sz}} is written with [[long s]] and the Blackletter "tailed z", as {{angbr|ſʒ}}. A recognizable [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] representing the {{angbr|sz}} digraph develops in handwriting in the early 14th century.<ref name="brekle">{{cite journal |first=Herbert E. |last=Brekle |title=Zur handschriftlichen und typographischen Geschichte der Buchstabenligatur ß aus gotisch-deutschen und humanistisch-italienischen Kontexten |journal=[[Gutenberg-Jahrbuch]] |volume=76 |location=Mainz |year=2001 |issn=0072-9094 }}</ref>{{rp|67-76}}
 
[[File:Crop of Der Bierbreuwer from Jost Amman's Stände und Handwerker Wellcome L0069606.jpg|thumb|An early modern printed rhyme by [[Hans Sachs]] showing several instances of ß as a clear ligature of {{angbr|ſz}}: "groß", "stoß", "Laß", "baß" (= modern "besser"), and "Faß"]]
 
By the late 1400s, the choice of spelling between {{angbr|sz}} and {{angbr|ss}} was usually based on the sound's position in the word rather than etymology: {{angbr|sz}} ({{angbr|ſz}}) tended to be used in word final position: {{lang|de|uſz}} ({{langx|gmh|ûz}}, {{langx|de|aus}}), {{lang|de|-nüſz}} ({{langx|gmh|-nüss(e)}}, {{langx|de|-nis}}); {{angbr|ss}} ({{angbr|ſſ}}) tended to be used when the sound occurred between vowels: {{lang|de|groſſes}} ({{langx|gmh|grôzes}}, {{langx|de|großes}}).<ref name="young">{{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Christopher |last2=Gloning |first2=Thomas |title=A History of the German Language Through Texts |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-86263-9}}</ref>{{rp|171}} While [[Martin Luther]]'s early 16th-century printings also contain spellings such as {{lang|de|heyße}} ({{langx|de|heiße}}), early modern printers mostly changed these to {{angbr|ſſ}}: {{lang|de|heiſſe}}. Around the same time, printers began to systematically distinguish between {{lang|de|das}} (the, that [pronoun]) and {{lang|de|daß}} (that [conjunction]).<ref name="young"/>{{rp|215}}
 
In modern German, the Old and Middle High German {{angbr|z}} is now represented by either {{angbr|ss}}, {{angbr|ß}}, or, if there are no related forms in which {{IPA|[s]}} occurs intervocalically, with {{angbr|s}}: {{lang|de|messen}} ({{langx|gmh|mezzen}}), {{lang|de|Straße}} ({{langx|gmh|strâze}}), and {{lang|de|was}} ({{langx|gmh|waz}}).<ref name="Paul-1998"/>
 
=== Standardization of use ===
The pre-1996 German use of {{angbr|ß}} was codified by the eighteenth-century grammarians [[Johann Christoph Gottsched]] (1748) and [[Johann Christoph Adelung]] (1793) and made official for all German-speaking countries by the [[German Orthographic Conference of 1901]]. In this orthography, the use of {{angbr|ß}} was modeled after the use of [[long s|long]] and "round"-s in Fraktur. {{angbr|ß}} appeared both word internally after long vowels and also in those positions where Fraktur required the second s to be a "round" or "final" s, namely the ends of syllables or the ends of words.<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|217-18}} In his ''[[Deutsches Wörterbuch]]'' (1854) [[Jacob Grimm]] called for {{angbr|ß}} or {{angbr|sz}} to be written for all instances of Middle and Old High German etymological {{angbr|z}} (e.g., {{lang|de|eß}} instead of {{lang|de|es}} from {{langx|gmh|ez}}); however, his etymological proposal could not overcome established usage.<ref name="young"/>{{rp|269}}
 
In [[Austria-Hungary]] prior to the German Orthographic Conference of 1902, an alternative rule formulated by  [[Johann Christian August Heyse]] in 1829 had been officially taught in the schools since 1879, although this spelling was not widely used. Heyse's rule matches current usage after the [[German orthography reform of 1996]] in that {{angbr|ß}} was only used after long vowels.<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|219}}
 
===Use in Roman type===
[[File:ß from Hieronymi Aleandri Mottensis Tabulae utilißimae, Köln 1541.png|thumb|left|The ''ſs'' ligature used for Latin in 16th-century printing ({{lang|la|utiliſsimæ}})]]
[[File:Lang-s-Rund-s Blaeu_Essen.gif|thumb|''[[Essen]]'' with ſs-ligature reads ''Eßen'' (Latin [[Joan Blaeu|Blaeu]] atlas, text printed in Antiqua, 1650s).]]
[[File:French Eszett.jpg|thumb|left|French usage as a ligature for ⟨ss⟩ in 1784 from [[Galerie des Modes et Costumes Français|Gallerie des Modes]]]]
 
In early modern Latin type ([[antiqua (typeface class)|antiqua]]), a ligature similar to modern {{angbr|ß}} developed out of a long s followed by a round s ({{angbr|ſs}}), and as such was used in languages such as Italian in alternation with {{angbr|ſſ}}, usually based on requirements of space on the page.<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Michel |author-first=Andreas |chapter=Italian orthography in Early Modern times |title=Orthographies in Early Modern Europe |editor-last1=Baddeley |editor-first1=Susan |editor-last2=Voeste |editor-first2=Anja |year=2012 |publisher=de Gruyter Mouton |doi=10.1515/9783110288179.63 |pages=63–96|isbn=978-3-11-028817-9 }}</ref>{{rp|76}} However, despite its resemblance to the modern {{angbr|ß}}, this ligature was not commonly used as an equivalent to the Fraktur {{angbr|sz}} in German.<ref name="mosley">{{citation|last=Mosley|first=James|date=2008-01-31|title=Esszet or ß|website=Typefoundry|url=https://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2008/01/esszett-or.html|access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref><ref name="jamra">{{citation|last=Jamra|first=Mark|year=2006|title=The Eszett| website=TypeCulture|url=https://typeculture.com/academic-resource/articles-essays/the-eszett/|access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref> This ligature generally fell out of use in the eighteenth century, together with the use of long s in antiqua.<ref name="brekle"/>{{rp|73}} German works printed in Roman type in the late 18th and early 19th centuries such as [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]]'s {{lang|de|Wissenschaftslehre}} did not provide any equivalent to the {{angbr|ß}}.<ref name="brekle"/>{{rp|74}}
 
[[Jacob Grimm]] began using {{angbr|ß}} in his {{lang|de|Deutsche Grammatik}} (1819); however, it varied with {{angbr|ſſ}} word internally.<ref name="brekle"/>{{rp|74}} Grimm eventually rejected the use of the character; in their {{lang|de|[[Deutsches Wörterbuch]]}} (1838), the [[Brothers Grimm]] favored writing it as {{angbr|sz}}.<ref name="jamra"/>{{rp|2}} The [[First Orthographic Conference (German)|First Orthographic Conference]] in Berlin (1876) recommended that ''ß'' be represented as {{angbr|ſs}} – however, both suggestions were ultimately rejected.<ref name="young"/>{{rp|269}}<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|222}} In 1879, a proposal for various letter forms was published in the ''[[Journal für Buchdruckerkunst]]''.  A committee of the [[Typographic Society of Leipzig]] chose the "Sulzbacher form". In 1903, it was proclaimed as the new standard for the Eszett in Roman type.<ref name="jamra"/>{{rp|3-5}}
 
Until the abolition of Fraktur in 1941, it was common for [[family name]]s to be written with {{angbr|ß}} in Fraktur and {{angbr|ss}} in Roman type. The formal abolition resulted in inconsistencies in how names are written in modern German (such as between Heuss and Heuß).<ref name="poschenrieder"/>{{rp|176}}
 
===Abolition and attempted abolitions===
The Swiss and Liechtensteiners ceased to use {{angbr|ß}} in the twentieth century. This has been explained variously by the early adoption of Roman type in Switzerland, the use of [[typewriter]]s in Switzerland that omitted {{angbr|ß}} in favor of French and Italian characters, and peculiarities of [[Swiss German]] that cause words spelled with {{angbr|ß}} or {{angbr|ss}} to be pronounced with [[gemination]].<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|221-22}} The Education Council of [[Zürich]] had decided to stop teaching the letter in 1935, whereas the [[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]] continued to write {{angbr|ß}} until 1971.<ref>{{cite book| last=Ammon |first=Ulrich |year=1995 |title=Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: das Problem der nationalen Varietäten |publisher=de Gruyter |isbn=9783110147537 |page=254}}</ref> Swiss newspapers continued to print in Fraktur until the end of the 1940s, and the abandonment of ß by most newspapers corresponded to them switching to Roman typesetting.<ref>{{cite book| last=Gallmann |first=Paul |chapter=Warum die Schweizer weiterhin kein Eszett schreiben |title=Die Neuregelung der deutschenRechtschreibung. Begründung und Kritik |editor-last1=Augst |editor-first1=Gerhard |editor-last2=Blüml |editor-first2=Karl |editor-last3=Nerius |editor-first3=Dieter |editor-last4=Sitta |editor-first4=Horst |publisher=Max Niemeyer |year=1997 |pages=135–140 |chapter-url=http://gallmann.uni-jena.de/Pub/Eszett_1997.pdf}}</ref>
 
When the Nazi German government abolished the use of blackletter typesetting in 1941, it was originally planned to also abolish the use of {{angbr|ß}}. However, Hitler intervened to retain {{angbr|ß}}, while deciding against the creation of a capital form.<ref>Schreiben des Reichsministers und Chefs der Reichskanzlei an den Reichsminister des Innern vom 20. Juli 1941. BA, Potsdam, R 1501, Nr. 27180. cited in: Der Schriftstreit von 1881 bis 1941 von Silvia Hartman, Peter Lang Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3-631-33050-0}}</ref> In 1954, a group of reformers in [[West Germany]] similarly proposed, among other changes to German spelling, the abolition of {{angbr|ß}}; their proposals were publicly opposed by German-language writers [[Thomas Mann]], [[Hermann Hesse]], and [[Friedrich Dürrenmatt]] and were never implemented.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kranz |first=Florian |title=Eine Schifffahrt mit drei f: Positives zur Rechtschreibreform |publisher=Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht |year=1998 |isbn=3-525-34005-2 |pages=30–31}}</ref> Although the German Orthography Reform of 1996 reduced the use of {{angbr|ß}} in standard German, Adrienne Walder writes that an abolition outside Switzerland appears unlikely.<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|235}}
 
===Development of a capital form <span class="anchor" id="Capital form"></span>===
[[File:Eszett Leipziger Duden 1957.png|thumb|Uppercase ß on the title page of the  1957 East German {{lang|de|Duden}}]]
[[File:Gießener Zeitung Logo.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Logo of {{Interlanguage link|Gießener Zeitung|lt=''Gießener Zeitung''|de}} ("{{lang|de|GIEẞENER ZEITUNG}}", 2008 design)]]
[[File:Straßenschild-Versal-ß.jpg|thumb|Street sign with {{lang|de|Versal-Eszett}} ("{{lang|de|MÜHLFELDSTRAẞE}}") in {{lang|de|[[Heiligkreuzsteinach]]}} (2011 photograph)]]
Because {{angbr|ß}} had been treated as a ligature, rather than as a full letter of the German alphabet, it had no capital form in early modern typesetting. Moreover, [[allcaps]] was not normally used in Fraktur printing.<ref name="Long debate" /> There were, however, proposals to introduce capital forms of {{angbr|ß}} for use in allcaps writing (where {{angbr|ß}} would otherwise usually be represented as either {{angbr|SS}} or {{angbr|SZ}}). A capital was first seriously proposed in 1879, but did not enter official or widespread use.<ref>{{lang|de|Signa – Beiträge zur Signographie}}. Heft 9, 2006.</ref> The Orthographic Conference of 1903 called for the use of {{angbr|SZ}} in allcaps until a capital letter could be proposed.<ref name="Long debate" /> Historical typefaces offering a capitalized {{lang|de|eszett}} mostly date to the time between 1905 and 1930. The first known typefaces to include capital {{lang|de|eszett}} were produced by the {{lang|de|Schelter & Giesecke}} foundry in Leipzig, in 1905/06. {{lang|de|Schelter & Giesecke}} at the time widely advocated the use of this type, but its use nevertheless remained very limited.
 
The preface to the 1925 edition of the {{lang|de|[[Duden]]}} dictionary expressed the desirability of a separate glyph for capital {{angbr|ß}}:
{{quote|{{lang|de|Die Verwendung zweier Buchstaben für einen Laut ist nur ein Notbehelf, der aufhören muss, sobald ein geeigneter Druckbuchstabe für das große ß geschaffen ist.}}<ref>{{lang|de|Vorbemerkungen, XII.}} In: {{lang|de|Duden – Rechtschreibung. 9. Auflage, 1925}}</ref>}}
{{quote|The use of two letters for a single phoneme is makeshift, to be abandoned as soon as a suitable type for the capital ß has been developed.}}
 
The {{lang|de|Duden}} was edited separately in [[East Germany|East]] and [[West Germany]] during the 1950s to 1980s. The East German {{lang|de|Duden}} of 1957 (15th ed.) introduced a capital {{angbr|ß}} in its typesetting without revising the rule for capitalization. The 16th edition of 1969 still announced that an uppercase {{angbr|ß}} was in development and would be introduced in the future. The 1984 edition removed this announcement and simply stated that there is no capital version of {{angbr|ß}}.<ref>{{lang|de|Der Große Duden. 25. Auflage, Leipzig 1984, S. 601, K 41.}}</ref>
 
In the 2000s, there were renewed efforts on the part of certain [[typographer]]s to introduce a capital, {{angbr|ẞ}}. A proposal to include a corresponding character in the [[Unicode]] set submitted in 2007 was successful,{{efn|A prior proposal submitted in 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2888.pdf |author=Andreas Stötzner |title=Proposal to encode Latin Capital Letter Double S (rejected) |access-date=2021-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712072912/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2888.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> was rejected.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04361.htm#101-C22 |title=Approved Minutes of the UTC 101 / L2 198 Joint Meeting, Cupertino, CA – November 15-18, 2004 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2005-02-10 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |access-date=2021-06-25 |quote=The UTC [Unicode Technical Committee] concurs with Stoetzner that Capital Double S is a typographical issue. Therefore the UTC believes it is inappropriate to encode it as a separate character.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/alloc/nonapprovals.html |title=Archive of Notices of Non-Approval |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |access-date=2021-06-25 |quote=2004-Nov-18, rejected by the UTC [Unicode Technical Committee] as a typographical issue, inappropriate for encoding as a separate character. Rejected also on the grounds that it would cause casing implementation issues for legacy German data.}}</ref>}} and the character was included in Unicode version 5.1.0 in April 2008 ({{unichar|1E9E|Latin capital letter sharp s}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3227.pdf |title=DIN_29.1_SCHARF_S_1.3_E |access-date=2014-01-30}}
{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf |title=Unicode chart |access-date=2014-01-30}}</ref> The international standard associated with Unicode (UCS), [[ISO/IEC 10646]], was updated to reflect the addition on 24 June 2008. The capital letter was finally adopted as an option in standard German orthography in 2017.<ref name="DRR und W-2017"/> Since 2024, {{angbr|ẞ}} has been the preferred option for depicting the character in capital letters, with {{angbr|SS}} as a second option.<ref name="Amtliches Regelwerk"/>
 
== Representation ==
===Graphical variants===
The recommendation of the [[Sulzbacher form]] (1903) was not followed universally in 20th-century printing. There were four distinct variants of {{angbr|ß}} in use in Antiqua fonts:
[[File:Sz modern.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Four forms of Antiqua Eszett: 1. ſs, 2. ſs ligature, 3. ſʒ ligature, 4. Sulzbacher form]]
#{{angbr|ſs}} without ligature, but as a single type, with reduced spacing between the two letters;
#the ligature of {{angbr|ſ}} and {{angbr|s}} inherited from the 16th-century Antiqua typefaces;
#a ligature of {{angbr|ſ}} and {{angbr|ʒ}}, adapting the blackletter ligature to Antiqua; and
#the Sulzbacher form.
 
The first variant (no ligature) has become practically obsolete. Most modern typefaces follow either 2 or 4, with 3 retained in occasional usage, notably in street signs in Bonn and Berlin. The design of modern {{angbr|ß}} tends to follow either the Sulzbacher form, in which {{angbr|ʒ}} (tailed z) is clearly visible, or else be made up of a clear ligature of {{angbr|ſ}} and {{angbr|s}}.<ref name="jamra"/>{{rp|2}}
 
[[File:ß handwritten sample.gif|thumb|Three contemporary handwritten forms of 'ß' demonstrated in the word {{lang|de|aß}}, {{nowrap|"(I/he/she/it)}} ate"]]
Use of typographic variants in street signs:
<gallery>
File:WaldstraßePirna.JPG|Un[[typographic ligature|ligature]]d ſs variant in a street sign in [[Pirna]], Saxony
File:Berliner Strassenschilder.jpg| [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]] form of the ſʒ ligature in [[Berlin]] (Petersburger Straße). The sign on the right (Bersarinplatz) ends with a visually similar {{angbr|tʒ}} ligature {{angbr|ꜩ}}.
File:Schloßſtraße, Schloßhof - street signs in 2008.jpg| [[Blackletter]] form of the ſʒ ligature ([[Erfurt]] street signs)
File:Nürnberg Straße.jpg|[[#Sulzbacher form|Sulzbacher form]] ([[Nuremberg]] street signs)
File:MainzStrSchilder.jpg|Two distinct blackletter typefaces in [[Mainz]]. The red sign spells {{lang|de|Straße}} with ''ſs''; the blue sign uses the standard blackletter ''ſʒ'' ligature.
</gallery>
 
[[File:Versal-Eszett-in-Webanwendung.png|thumb|alt=Screenshot of a web application with a button "SCHLIEẞEN" ("Close") using capital letters and capital ẞ. Above the button, a message says "Für Videoanrufe in Hangouts wird jetzt Google Meet verwendet. Weitere Informationen"|Capital ß in a web application]]
The inclusion of a capital {{angbr|ẞ}} in [[Unicode]] in 2008 revived the century-old debate among [[type design|typeface designers]] as to how such a character should be represented. The main difference in the shapes of {{angbr|ẞ}} in contemporary typefaces is the depiction with a diagonal straight line vs. a curved line in its upper right part, reminiscent of the ligature of [[Ezh|tailed z]] or of [[s|round s]], respectively. The code chart published by the Unicode Consortium favours the former possibility,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf|title=Latin Extended Additional}}</ref> which has been adopted by Unicode capable fonts including [[Arial]], [[Calibri]], [[Cambria (typeface)|Cambria]], [[Courier New]], [[DejaVu fonts|DejaVu Serif]], [[Liberation Sans]], [[Liberation Mono]], [[Linux Libertine]] and [[Times New Roman]]; the second possibility is more rare, adopted by [[DejaVu fonts|DejaVu Sans]]. Some fonts adopt a third possibility in representing {{angbr|ẞ}} following the Sulzbacher form of {{angbr|ß}}, reminiscent of the Greek {{angbr|[[β]]}} (beta); such a shape has been adopted by [[FreeSans]] and [[FreeSerif]], [[Liberation Serif]] and [[Verdana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/1e9e/fontsupport.htm|title=Latin Capital Letter Sharp S (U+1E9E) Font Support|website=fileformat.info}}</ref>
 
=== Unicode ===
 
There are two code points in [[Unicode]]:
* {{unichar|00DF|html=}} ([[List of XML and HTML character entity references|HTML entity]] defined in 1995)
* {{unichar|1E9E}} (introduced in 2008)
 
In modern browsers, lowercase "ß" will be converted to "SS" when the element containing it is set to uppercase using <code>text-transform: uppercase</code> in [[Cascading Style Sheets]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} The [[JavaScript]] in [[Google Chrome]] and [[Mozilla Firefox]] will convert "ß" to "SS" when converted to uppercase (e.g., <code>"ß".toUpperCase()</code>).<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://cd1rtx3.github.io/eszett/
|title=cd1rtx3.github.io/eszett/
|year=2024
|publisher=Coarse Rosinflower
|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=March 2026|reason=The linked page does not mention Chrome or Firefox. Perhaps this was inferred by a Wikipedian who accessed the page from Chrome and Firefox, in which case, that's considered original research and is not properly verified.}}
 
The lower-case letter exists in many earlier encodings that covered European languages. In several [[ISO 8859]]{{efn|Parts
[[ISO-8859-1|1]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-1.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998 to Unicode |last=Whistler |first=Ken |orig-year=1999-07-27 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>
[[ISO-8859-2|2]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-2.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-2:1999 to Unicode |last=Whistler |first=Ken |orig-year=1999-07-27 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>
[[ISO-8859-3|3]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-3.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-3:1999 to Unicode |last=Whistler |first=Ken |orig-year=1999-07-27 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>
[[ISO-8859-4|4]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-4.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-4:1998 to Unicode |last=Whistler |first=Ken |orig-year=1999-07-27 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>
[[ISO-8859-9|9]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-9.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-9:1999 to Unicode |last=Whistler |first=Ken |orig-year=1999-07-27 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>
[[ISO-8859-10|10]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-10.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-10:1998 to Unicode |last=Whistler |first=Ken |orig-year=1999-10-11 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>
[[ISO-8859-13|13]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-13.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-13:1998 to Unicode |last=Whistler |first=Ken |orig-year=1999-07-27 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>
[[ISO-8859-14|14]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-14.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-14:1999 to Unicode |last1=Kuhn |first1=Markus |last2=Whistler |first2=Ken |orig-year=1999-07-27 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>
[[ISO-8859-15|15]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-15.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-15:1999 to Unicode |last1=Kuhn |first1=Markus |last2=Whistler |first2=Ken |orig-year=1999-07-27 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> and
[[ISO-8859-16|16]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-16.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-16:2001 to Unicode |last1=Kuhn |first1=Markus |orig-year=2001-07-26 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>}} and [[Windows-125x|Windows]]{{efn|Code pages
[[Windows-1250|1250]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1250.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1250 to Unicode table |date=1998-04-15 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>
[[Windows-1252|1252]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1252.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1252 to Unicode table |date=1998-04-15 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>
[[Windows-1254|1254]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1254.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1254 to Unicode table |date=1998-04-15 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>
[[Windows-1257|1257]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1257.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1257 to Unicode table |date=1998-04-15 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> and
[[Windows-1258|1258]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1258.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1258 to Unicode table |date=1998-04-15 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>}} encodings it is at {{tt|0xDF}}, the value inherited by Unicode. In [[code page 437|DOS code pages]]{{efn|Code pages [[Code page 437|437]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/PC/CP437.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp437_DOSLatinUS to Unicode table |date=1996-04-24 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> and [[Code page 850|850]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/PC/CP850.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp850_DOSLatin1 to Unicode table |date=1996-04-24 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>}} it is at {{tt|0xE1}}. [[Mac OS Roman|Mac OS encodings]]{{efn|Mac OS
[[Mac OS Roman|Roman]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Roman character set to Unicode 2.1 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-05 |orig-year=1995-04-15 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/ROMAN.TXT}}</ref>
[[Mac OS Icelandic encoding|Icelandic]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Icelandic character set to Unicode 2.1 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-05 |orig-year=1995-04-15 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/ICELAND.TXT}}</ref>
[[Mac OS Croatian encoding|Croatian]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Croatian character set to Unicode 2.1 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-04 |orig-year=1995-04-15 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/CROATIAN.TXT}}</ref>
[[Mac OS Central European encoding|Central European]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Central European character set to Unicode 2.1 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-04 |orig-year=1995-04-15 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/CENTEURO.TXT}}</ref>
[[Mac OS Celtic|Celtic]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Celtic character set to Unicode 2.1 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-01 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/CELTIC.TXT}}</ref>
[[Mac OS Gaelic|Gaelic]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Gaelic character set to Unicode 3.0 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-01 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/GAELIC.TXT}}</ref>
[[Mac OS Romanian encoding|Romanian]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Romanian character set to Unicode 3.0 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-05 |orig-year=1995-04-15 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/ROMANIAN.TXT}}</ref>
[[MacGreek encoding|Greek]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Greek character set to Unicode 2.1 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-05 |orig-year=1995-04-15 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/GREEK.TXT}}</ref> and
[[Mac OS Turkish encoding|Turkish]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Turkish character set to Unicode 2.1 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-05 |orig-year=1995-04-15 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/TURKISH.TXT}}</ref>
}} put it at {{tt|0xA7}}. Some [[EBCDIC]] codes{{efn|037 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/EBCDIC/CP037.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp037_IBMUSCanada to Unicode table |date=1996-04-24 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> 500,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/EBCDIC/CP500.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp500_IBMInternational to Unicode table |date=1996-04-24 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> 1026<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/EBCDIC/CP1026.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1026_IBMLatin5Turkish to Unicode table |date=1996-04-24 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>}} put it at {{tt|0x59}}. The upper-case form was rarely, if ever, encoded in single-byte encodings.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}
 
==See also==
* [[Long s]]
* {{annotated link|Sz (digraph)|Sz}}
 
==Notes==
{{notelist}}


{{Redirect category shell
==References==
|{{R from alternative capitalization}}
{{reflist}}
{{R from initialism}}
 
}}
{{Latin script}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ss}}
[[Category:German language]]
[[Category:Latin-script ligatures]]
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