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Chadic languages

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox language family The Chadic languages form a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken in parts of the Sahel. They include 196 languages[1] spoken across northern Nigeria, southern Niger, southern Chad, and northern Cameroon. By far the most widely spoken Chadic language is Hausa, a lingua franca of much of inland Eastern West Africa, particularly Niger and the northern half of Nigeria. Hausa is the only Chadic language with more than 1 million speakers.Template:Cn

Composition

Paul Newman (1977) classified the languages into the four groups which have been accepted in all subsequent literature. Further subbranching, however, has not been as robust; Roger Blench (2006), for example, only accepts the A/B bifurcation of East Chadic.[2] Subsequent work by Joseph Lovestrand argues strongly that Kujarge is a valid member of East Chadic. The placing of Luri as a primary split of West Chadic is erroneous. Bernard Caron (2004) shows that this language is South Bauchi and part of the Polci cluster. A suggestion for including the language isolate Kujargé as an early-diverged member, which subsequently became influenced by East Chadic, has been made by Blench (2008).[3]

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File:Chadic Languages.jpg
A chart of the Chadic branch of the Afroasiatic languages.

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Loanwords

Chadic languages contain many Nilo-Saharan loanwords from either the Songhay or Maban branches, pointing to early contact between Chadic and Nilo-Saharan speakers as Chadic was migrating west.[4]

Although Adamawa languages are spoken adjacently to Chadic languages, interaction between Chadic and Adamawa is limited.[5]

Pronouns

Pronouns in Proto-Chadic, as compared to pronouns in Proto-Afroasiatic (Vossen & Dimmendaal 2020:351):[6]

Pronoun Proto-Chadic Proto-Afroasiatic
1 Template:Lang Template:Lang ~ Template:Lang
2M Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang
2F Template:Lang Template:Lang
3M Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang
3F Template:Lang
1PL Template:Lang (incl.), Template:Lang (excl.) (Template:Lang ~ Template:Lang ~ Template:Lang) ?
2PL Template:Lang Template:Lang
3PL Template:Lang Template:Lang ~ Template:Lang

Comparative vocabulary

Sample basic vocabulary in different Chadic branches listed in order from west to east, with reconstructions of other Afroasiatic branches also given for comparison:

Language eye ear nose tooth tongue mouth blood bone tree water eat name
Proto-Chadic[7] Template:Lang Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang; Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang (hard); Template:Lang (soft) Template:Lang
Hausa[8] Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang; Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
Proto-Ron[9] Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
Proto-South Bauchi[10] Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
Polci[11] Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang; Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
Proto-Central Chadic[12] Template:Lang; Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang; Template:Lang; Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang; Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
Proto-Masa[13] Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
Kujarge[14] Template:Lang Template:Lang ~ Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang (Template:Lang), Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang (Template:Lang), Template:Lang [imp. sg.]; Template:Lang [imp. pl.] Template:Lang
Other Afroasiatic branches
Proto-Cushitic[15] Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:Lang; Template:Lang Template:Lang/Template:Lang; Template:Lang Template:Lang/Template:Lang
Proto-Maji[16] Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
Tarifiyt Berber[17] Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
Coptic Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
Proto-Semitic[18] Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
Proto-Afroasiatic[19] Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang/Template:Lang 'tip, point' Template:Lang 'to lick' Template:Lang Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang; Template:Lang Template:Lang; Template:Lang; Template:Lang Template:Lang/Template:Lang

Bibliography

  • Caron, Bernard 2004. Le Luri: quelques notes sur une langue tchadique du Nigeria. In: Pascal Boyeldieu & Pierre Nougayrol (eds.), Langues et Cultures: Terrains d’Afrique. Hommages à France Cloarec-Heiss (Afrique et Language 7). 193–201. Louvain-Paris: Peeters.
  • Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'The linguistic situation in the Lake Chad area in Central Africa.' Africa, 9, 332–349.
  • Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg 1937;
  • Template:Cite journal
  • Newman, Paul (1977) 'Chadic classification and reconstructions.' Afroasiatic Linguistics 5, 1, 1–42.
  • Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic 'adieu': new thoughts on Chadic language classification', in Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed.), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica. Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Università di Firenze, 389–397.
  • Newman, Paul (1980) The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic. Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.
  • Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Kiyoshi Shimizu: Chadic lexical roots. Reimer, Berlin 1981.
  • Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow: Chadic lexical roots. 2 volumes. Reimer, Berlin 1994
  • Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Chadic overview', in M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, and David L. Appleyard (eds.), Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, LINCOM Europa, 55–60.
Data sets

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Template:Cite web
  2. ↑ Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List Template:Webarchive (ms)
  3. ↑ Blench, Roger. 2008. Links between Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of Kujarge Template:Webarchive. 5th International Conference of Cushitic and Omotic languages.
  4. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Blench, Roger. 2012. Linguistic evidence for the chronological stratification of populations South of Lake Chad. Presentation for Mega-Tchad Colloquium in Naples, September 13–15, 2012.
  6. ↑ Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020. The Oxford Handbook of African Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  7. ↑ Jungraithmayr, Herrmann; Ibriszimow, Dymitr (1994). Chadic Lexical Roots: Tentative reconstruction, grading, distribution and comments. (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika; 20), volume I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
  8. ↑ Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Hausa dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/220 Template:Webarchive, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)
  9. ↑ Blench, Roger. no date. Ron comparative wordlist Template:Webarchive.
  10. ↑ Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1978. The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic languages: a survey report. (Africana Marburgensia: Sonderheft, 2.) Marburg/Lahn: Africana Marburgensia.
  11. ↑ Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Polci dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/221 Template:Webarchive, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)
  12. ↑ Gravina, Richard. 2014. Proto-Central Chadic Lexicon Template:Webarchive. Webonary.
  13. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  14. ↑ Doornbos, Paul. 1981. Field notes on Kujarge, language metadata, 200-word list plus numerals and pronouns.
  15. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  16. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  17. ↑ Kossmann, Maarten. 2009. Tarifiyt Berber vocabulary Template:Webarchive. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  18. ↑ Kogan, Leonid (2012). "Proto-Semitic Lexicon". In Weninger, Stefan (ed.). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 179–258. Template:ISBN.
  19. ↑ Template:Cite book
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