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Sindh

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Template:Short description Template:Redirect Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Pakistani English Template:Infobox settlement Template:Contains special characters Template:Contains special characters Template:Sindhis

SindhTemplate:Efn is a province of Pakistan, located in the southeastern region of the country. It is the third-largest Pakistani province by land area and second-largest by population (after Punjab). It is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the south and borders the provinces of Balochistan to the west and Punjab to the north; in addition to sharing an international border with the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east. Karachi, located along the southern coast, is the capital and largest city. Sindh's landscape consisting mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River, the Thar Desert in the eastern portion of the province along the international border with India, and the Kirthar Mountains in the western portion of the province.

The economy of Sindh is the second-largest in Pakistan; its provincial capital Karachi is the most-populous city in the country as well as its main financial hub. Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan's industrial sector and contains two of the country's busiest commercial seaports: Port Qasim and the Port of Karachi. The remainder of Sindh consists of an agriculture-based economy and produces fruits, consumer items and vegetables for other parts of the country.[1][2][3]

Sindh is sometimes referred to as the Bab-ul Islam (Template:Translation), as it was one of the first regions of the Indian subcontinent to fall under Islamic rule.[4][5] The province is well known for its distinct culture, which is strongly influenced by Sufism, an important marker of Sindhi identity for both Hindus and Muslims.[6] Sindh is prominent for its history during the Bronze Age under the Indus Valley civilization, and is home to two UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites: the Makli Necropolis and Mohenjo-daro.[7]

Etymology

The Greeks who conquered Sindh in 325 BC under the command of Alexander the Great referred to the Indus River as Indós, hence the modern Indus. The ancient Iranians referred to everything east of the river Indus as hind.[8][9] The word Sind is a Persian derivative of the Sanskrit term Sindhu, meaning "river," a reference to vast Indus River.Template:Sfn

The previous Perso-Arabic spelling Sind (Template:Lang) was discontinued in 1988 by an amendment passed in the Sindh Assembly.[10]

History

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Ancient era

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Sindh and surrounding areas contain the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization. There are remnants of ancient cities and structures, with a notable example in Sindh being that of Mohenjo Daro. Built around 2500 BC, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus civilization, with features such as standardized bricks, street grids, and covered sewerage systems.[11][12] It was one of the world's earliest major cities, contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Minoan Crete, and Caral-Supe. Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century BC as the Indus Valley Civilization declined, and the site was not rediscovered until the 1920s. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.[13] The site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration.[14] A gradual drying of the region during the 3rd millennium BC may have been the initial stimulus for its urbanisation.[15] Eventually it also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise and to disperse its population to the east.Template:Refn

During the Bronze Age, the territory of Sindh was known as Sindhu-Sauvīra, covering the lower Indus Valley,[16] with its southern border being the Indian Ocean and its northern border being the Pañjāb around Multān.Template:Sfn The capital of Sindhu-Sauvīra was named Roruka and Vītabhaya or Vītībhaya, and corresponds to the mediaeval Arohṛ and the modern-day Rohṛī.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn[17] The Achaemenids conquered the region and established the satrapy of Hindush. The territory may have corresponded to the area covering the lower and central Indus basin (present day Sindh and the southern Punjab regions of Pakistan).[18] Alternatively, some authors consider that Hindush may have been located in the Punjab area.[19] These areas remained under Persian control until the invasion by Alexander.[20]

Alexander conquered parts of Sindh after Punjab for few years and appointed his general Peithon as governor. He constructed a harbour at the city of Patala in Sindh.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Chandragupta Maurya fought Alexander's successor in the east, Seleucus I Nicator, when the latter invaded. In a peace treaty, Seleucus ceded all territories west of the Indus River and offered a marriage, including a portion of Bactria, while Chandragupta granted Seleucus 500 elephants.Template:Sfn

Following a century of Mauryan rule which ended by 180 BC, the region came under the Indo-Greeks, followed by the Indo Scythians, who ruled with their capital at Minnagara.[21] Later on, Sasanian rulers from the reign of Shapur I claimed control of the Sindh area in their inscriptions, known as Hind.[22][23]

The local Rai dynasty emerged from Sindh and reigned for a period of 144 years, concurrent with the Huna invasions of North India.Template:Sfn Aror was noted to be the capital.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The Brahmin dynasty of Sindh succeeded the Rai dynasty.Template:Sfn[24][25][26] Most of the information about its existence comes from the Chach Nama, a historical account of the Chach-Brahmin dynasty.[27] After the empire's fall in 712, though the empire had ended, its dynasty's members administered parts of Sindh under the Umayyad Caliphate's Caliphal province of Sind.Template:Sfn

Medieval era

After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the Arab expansion towards the east reached the Sindh region beyond Persia.[28] The connection between the Sindh and Islam was established by the initial Muslim invasions during the Rashidun Caliphate. Al-Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, who attacked Makran in the year 649, was an early partisan of Ali ibn Abu Talib.[29] During the caliphate of Ali, many Jats of Sindh had come under the influence of Shi'ism[30] and some even participated in the Battle of Camel and died fighting for Ali.[29] Under the Arab Umayyads (661–750), many Shias sought asylum in the region of Sindh, to live in relative peace in the remote area. Ziyad Hindi is one of those refugees.[31] The first clash with the Hindu kings of Sindh took place in 636 (15 AH) under Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab with the governor of Bahrain, Uthman ibn Abu-al-Aas, dispatching naval expeditions against Thane, Bharuch and Debal.[32] Al-Baladhuri states they were victorious at Debal but doesn't mention the results of other two raids. However, the Chach Nama states that the raiders of Debal were defeated and its governor killed the leader of the raids.[33] These raids were thought to be triggered by a later pirate attack on Umayyad ships.Template:Sfn al-Baladhuri adds that this stopped any more incursions until the reign of Uthman.Template:Sfn

In 712, Mohammed Bin Qasim defeated the Brahmin dynasty and annexed it to the Umayyad Caliphate. This marked the beginning of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. The Habbari dynasty ruled much of Greater Sindh, as a semi-independent emirate from 854 to 1024. Beginning with the rule of 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari in 854, the region became semi-independent from the Abbasid Caliphate in 861, while continuing to nominally pledge allegiance to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad.[34][35] The Habbaris ruled Sindh until they were defeated by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi in 1026, who then went on to destroy the old Habbari capital of Mansura, and annex the region to the Ghaznavid Empire, thereby ending Arab rule of Sindh.[36][37]

The Soomra dynasty was a local Sindhi Muslim dynasty that ruled between early 11th century and the 14th century.[38][39][40] Later chroniclers like Ali ibn al-Athir (c. late 12th c.) and Ibn Khaldun (c. late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument of Hafif being the last Habbarid.[41] The Soomras appear to have established themselves as a regional power in this power vacuum.[41][42] The Ghurids and Ghaznavids continued to rule parts of Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth century, alongside Soomras.[41] The precise delineations are not yet known but Sommrus were probably centered in lower Sindh.[41] Some of them were adherents of Isma'ilism.[42] One of their kings Shimuddin Chamisar had submitted to Iltutmish, the Sultan of Delhi, and was allowed to continue on as a vassal.[43]

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The Sammas overthrew the Soomras soon after 1335 and established the Sindh Sultanate. The last Soomra ruler took shelter with the governor of Gujarat, under the protection of Muhammad bin Tughluq, the sultan of Delhi.[44][45][46] Mohammad bin Tughlaq made an expedition against Sindh in 1351 and died at Sondha, possibly in an attempt to restore the Soomras. With this, the Sammas became independent. The next sultan, Firuz Shah Tughlaq attacked Sindh in 1365 and 1367, unsuccessfully, but with reinforcements from Delhi he later obtained Banbhiniyo's surrender. For a period the Sammas were therefore subject to Delhi again. Later, as the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed they became fully independent.[47] Jam Unar was the founder of Samma dynasty mentioned by Ibn Battuta.[47] The Samma civilization contributed significantly to the evolution of the Indo-Islamic architectural style. The city of Thatta is famous for its necropolis of erstwhile royals, the Makli Necropolis, which covers 10 square km on the Makli Hill.[48] The Sammas have left a mark on Sindh with magnificent structures in Thatta.[49][50] They were later overthrown by the Turkic Arghuns in the late 15th century.[51][52]

Modern era

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File:Elaborately illustrated map of the Thatta Subah of the Mughal Empire, commissioned by Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil, ca.1770.jpg
Elaborately illustrated map of the Thatta Subah of the Mughal Empire, commissioned by Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil, ca.1770

In the late 16th century, Sindh was brought into the Mughal Empire by Akbar, himself born in the Sodha kingdom in Umerkot in Sindh.[53][54] In 1591-1593, Akbar sent an army to conquer lower Sindh from the Tarkhan dynasty after defeating the last Tarkhan ruler, Mirza Jani Beg; Jani Beg and his son Mirza Ghazi Beg.[55][56][57]

Mughal rule from their provincial capital of Thatta was to last in lower Sindh until the early 18th century, while upper Sindh was ruled by the indigenous Kalhora dynasty holding power, consolidating their rule from their capital of Khudabad, before shifting to Hyderabad from 1768 onwards.[58][59][60]

The Talpurs succeeded the Kalhoras and four branches of the dynasty were established.[61] One ruled lower Sindh from the city of Hyderabad, another ruled over upper Sindh from the city of Khairpur, a third ruled around the eastern city of Mirpur Khas, and a fourth was based in Tando Muhammad Khan. They were ethnically Baloch,[62] and for most of their rule, they were subordinate to the Durrani Empire and were forced to pay tribute to them.[63][64]

They ruled from 1783, until 1843, when they were in turn defeated by the British at the Battle of Miani and Battle of Dubbo.[65] The northern Khairpur branch of the Talpur dynasty, however, continued to maintain a degree of sovereignty during British rule as the princely state of Khairpur,[62] whose ruler elected to join the new Dominion of Pakistan in October 1947 as an autonomous region, before being fully amalgamated into West Pakistan in 1955.

British Raj

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File:Bombay Prov 1909.jpg
Sindh became part of the Bombay Presidency in 1909.

The British conquered Sindh in 1843. General Charles Napier is said to have reported victory to the Governor General with a one-word telegram, namely "Peccavi" – or "I have sinned" (Latin).[66] The British had two objectives in their rule of Sindh: the consolidation of British rule and the use of Sindh as a market for British products and a source of revenue and raw materials. With the appropriate infrastructure in place, the British hoped to utilise Sindh for its economic potential.[67] The British incorporated Sindh, some years later after annexing it, into the Bombay Presidency. Distance from the provincial capital, Bombay, led to grievances that Sindh was neglected in contrast to other parts of the Presidency. The merger of Sindh into Punjab province was considered from time to time but was turned down because of British disagreement and Sindhi opposition, both from Muslims and Hindus, to being annexed to Punjab.[67]

Later, desire for a separate administrative status for Sindh grew. At the annual session of the Indian National Congress in 1913, a Sindhi Hindu put forward the demand for Sindh's separation from the Bombay Presidency on the grounds of Sindh's unique cultural character. This reflected the desire of Sindh's predominantly Hindu commercial class to free itself from competing with the more powerful Bombay's business interests.[67] Meanwhile, Sindhi politics was characterised in the 1920s by the growing importance of Karachi and the Khilafat Movement.[68] A number of Sindhi pirs, descendants of Sufi saints who had proselytised in Sindh, joined the Khilafat Movement, which propagated the protection of the Ottoman Caliphate, and those pirs who did not join the movement found a decline in their following.[69] The pirs generated huge support for the Khilafat cause in Sindh.Template:Sfn Sindh came to be at the forefront of the Khilafat Movement.[70]

Although Sindh was less sectarian than other parts of India, the province's Muslim elite and emerging Muslim middle class demanded separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency as a safeguard for their own interests. In this campaign, local Sindhi Muslims identified 'Hindu' with Bombay instead of Sindh. Sindhi Hindus were seen as representing the interests of Bombay instead of the majority of Sindhi Muslims. Sindhi Hindus, for the most part, opposed the separation of Sindh from Bombay.[67] Although Sindh had a culture of religious syncretism, communal harmony and tolerance due to Sindh's strong Sufi culture in which both Sindhi Muslims and Sindhi Hindus partook,[71] both the Muslim landed elite, waderas, and the Hindu commercial elements, banias, collaborated in oppressing the predominantly Muslim peasantry of Sindh who were economically exploited.[72] Sindhi Muslims eventually demanded the separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency, a move opposed by Sindhi Hindus.Template:Sfn[73][74]

In Sindh's first provincial election after its separation from Bombay in 1936, economic interests were an essential factor of politics informed by religious and cultural issues.[75] Due to British policies, much land in Sindh was transferred from Muslim to Hindu hands over the decades.[76] Religious tensions rose in Sindh over the Sukkur Manzilgah issue where Muslims and Hindus disputed over an abandoned mosque in proximity to an area sacred to Hindus. The Sindh Muslim League exploited the issue and agitated for the return of the mosque to Muslims. Consequentially, a thousand members of the Muslim League were imprisoned. Eventually, due to panic the government restored the mosque to Muslims.[75] The separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency triggered Sindhi Muslim nationalists to support the Pakistan Movement. Even while the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province were ruled by parties hostile to the Muslim League, Sindh remained loyal to Jinnah.[77] Although the prominent Sindhi Muslim nationalist G. M. Syed left the All India Muslim League in the mid-1940s and his relationship with Jinnah never improved, the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims supported the creation of Pakistan, seeing in it their deliverance.[68] Sindhi support for the Pakistan Movement arose from the desire of the Sindhi Muslim business class to drive out their Hindu competitors.[78] The Muslim League's rise to becoming the party with the strongest support in Sindh was in large part linked to its winning over of the religious pir families.Template:Sfn Although the Muslim League had previously fared poorly in the 1937 elections in Sindh, when local Sindhi Muslim parties won more seats,Template:Sfn the Muslim League's cultivation of support from local pirs in 1946 helped it gain a foothold in the province,Template:Sfn it didn't take long for the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims to campaign for the creation of Pakistan.[79][80]

Partition (1947)

In 1947, violence did not constitute a major part of the Sindhi partition experience, unlike in Punjab. There were very few incidents of violence on Sindh, in part due to the Sufi-influenced culture of religious tolerance and in part that Sindh was not divided and was instead made part of Pakistan in its entirety. Sindhi Hindus who left generally did so out of a fear of persecution, rather than persecution itself, because of the arrival of Muslim refugees from India. Sindhi Hindus differentiated between the local Sindhi Muslims and the migrant Muslims from India. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled to India by sea, to the ports of Bombay, Porbandar, Veraval and Okha.[81]

Demographics

Demographic indicators
Indicator Value
Urban population 53.97%
Rural population 46.03%
Population growth rate 2.57%
Gender ratio (male per 100 female) 108.76[82]
Economically active population 22.75% (old data)Template:Clarify

Population

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Sindh has the second highest Human Development Index out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.628.[83] The 2023 Census of Pakistan indicated a population of 55.7 million.

As per a 2025 Dawn News report, based on data compiled by research organisation Population Council, UK Aid and the United Nations Population, Sindh had an annual growth rate of 2.57%. According to demographic projections, if the province’s current total fertility rate of 3.6 children per woman remains unchanged, Sindh's population could more than double to approximately 111 million by 2050.[84]

Religion

Template:See alsoTemplate:Pie chartIslam in Sindh has a long history, starting with the capture of Sindh by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712. Over time, the majority of the population in Sindh converted to Islam, especially in rural areas. Today, Muslims make up 90% of the population, and are more dominant in urban than rural areas. Islam in Sindh has a strong Sufi ethos with numerous Muslim saints and mystics, such as the Sufi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, having lived in Sindh historically. One popular legend that highlights the strong Sufi presence in Sindh is that 125,000 Sufi saints and mystics are buried on Makli Hill near Thatta.[85] The development of Sufism in Sindh was similar to the development of Sufism in other parts of the Muslim world. In the sixteenth century two Sufi tareeqat (orders) – Qadria and Naqshbandia – were introduced in Sindh.[86] Sufism continues to play an important role in the daily lives of Sindhis.[87]

In 1941, the last census conducted prior to the partition of India, the total population of Sindh was 4,840,795 out of which 3,462,015 (71.5%) were Muslims, 1,279,530 (26.4%) were Hindus and the remaining were Tribals, Sikhs, Christians, Parsis, Jains, Jews, and Buddhists.[88]Template:Rp[89]

Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of Hindus overall, accounting for 8.8% of the population, roughly around 4.9 million people,[90] and 13.3% of the province's rural population as per 2023 Pakistani census report. These numbers also include the scheduled caste population, which stands at 1.7% of the total in Sindh (or 3.1% in rural areas),[91] and is believed to have been under-reported, with some community members instead counted under the main Hindu category.[92] Although, Pakistan Hindu Council claimed that there are 6,842,526 Hindus living in Sindh Province covering around 14.29% of the region's population.[93] Umerkot district in the Thar Desert is Pakistan's only Hindu-majority district. The Shri Ramapir Temple in Tandoallahyar whose annual festival is the second largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan is in Sindh.[94] Sindh is also the only province in Pakistan to have a separate law for governing Hindu marriages.[95]

2020 community estimates indicated the Sikh population in Sindh stood at approximately 10,000,[96] while the 2023 census indicated a population of 5,182 Sikhs.[97]

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Religion in Sindh (1872−2023)
Religious
group 		1872[98]Template:Efn 1881[99]Template:Efn 1891[100]Template:Efn 1901[101]Template:Efn 1911[102]Template:Efn 1921[103]Template:Efn 1931[104]Template:Efn 1941[88]Template:RpTemplate:Efn 1951[105]Template:RpTemplate:Efn 1998[106] 2017[107][90] 2023[97][108]
[[Population (human biology)|Template:Abbr]] Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr
Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg 1,712,266Template:Efn Template:Percentage 1,989,630 Template:Percentage 2,318,180 Template:Percentage 2,609,337 Template:Percentage 2,822,756 Template:Percentage 2,562,700 Template:Percentage 3,017,377 Template:Percentage 3,462,015 Template:Percentage 5,535,645 Template:Percentage 27,796,814 Template:Percentage 43,234,107 Template:Percentage 50,126,428 Template:Percentage
Hinduism File:Om.svgTemplate:Efn 475,848Template:Efn Template:Percentage 544,848 Template:Percentage 674,371 Template:Percentage 787,683 Template:Percentage 877,313 Template:Percentage 876,629 Template:Percentage 1,055,119 Template:Percentage 1,279,530 Template:Percentage 482,560 Template:Percentage 2,280,842 Template:Percentage 4,176,986 Template:Percentage 4,901,407 Template:Percentage
Christianity File:Christian cross.svg 3,329Template:Efn Template:Percentage 6,082 Template:Percentage 7,768 Template:Percentage 7,825 Template:Percentage 10,917 Template:Percentage 11,734 Template:Percentage 15,152 Template:Percentage 20,304 Template:Percentage 22,601 Template:Percentage 294,885 Template:Percentage 408,301 Template:Percentage 546,968 Template:Percentage
Zoroastrianism File:Faravahar.svg 870Template:Efn Template:Percentage 1,063 Template:Percentage 1,534 Template:Percentage 2,000 Template:Percentage 2,411 Template:Percentage 2,913 Template:Percentage 3,537 Template:Percentage 3,841 Template:Percentage 5,046 Template:Percentage Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a 1,763 Template:Percentage
Buddhism File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg 67 Template:Percentage 9 Template:Percentage 2 Template:Percentage 0 Template:Percentage 21 Template:Percentage 41 Template:Percentage 53 Template:Percentage 111 Template:Percentage 670 Template:Percentage Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a
Judaism File:Star of David.svg 35 Template:Percentage 153 Template:Percentage 210 Template:Percentage 428 Template:Percentage 595 Template:Percentage 671 Template:Percentage 985 Template:Percentage 1,082 Template:Percentage Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a
Jainism File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Template:N/a Template:N/a 1,191 Template:Percentage 923 Template:Percentage 921 Template:Percentage 1,349 Template:Percentage 1,534 Template:Percentage 1,144 Template:Percentage 3,687 Template:Percentage Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a
Sikhism File:Khanda.svg Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a 720 Template:Percentage Template:N/aTemplate:Efn Template:N/a 12,339 Template:Percentage 8,036 Template:Percentage 19,172 Template:Percentage 32,627 Template:Percentage Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a 5,182 Template:Percentage
Tribal Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/aTemplate:Efn Template:N/a 9,224 Template:Percentage 8,186 Template:Percentage 204 Template:Percentage 37,598 Template:Percentage Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a
Ahmadiyya File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a 43,524 Template:Percentage 21,661 Template:Percentage 18,266 Template:Percentage
Others 0 Template:Percentage 0 Template:Percentage 3 Template:Percentage 2,029 Template:Percentage 298 Template:Percentage 64 Template:Percentage 1,510 Template:Percentage 0 Template:Percentage 1,226 Template:Percentage 23,828 Template:Percentage 13,455 Template:Percentage 38,395 Template:Percentage
Total Responses 2,192,415 Template:Percentage 2,542,976 Template:Percentage 3,003,711 Template:Percentage 3,410,223 Template:Percentage 3,737,223 Template:Percentage 3,472,508 Template:Percentage 4,114,253 Template:Percentage 4,840,795 Template:Percentage 6,047,748 Template:Percentage 30,439,893 Template:Percentage 47,854,510 Template:Percentage 55,638,409 Template:Percentage
Total Population 2,322,765 Template:Percentage 2,542,976 Template:Percentage 3,003,711 Template:Percentage 3,410,223 Template:Percentage 3,737,223 Template:Percentage 3,472,508 Template:Percentage 4,114,253 Template:Percentage 4,840,795 Template:Percentage 6,054,474 Template:Percentage 30,439,893 Template:Percentage 47,854,510 Template:Percentage 55,696,147 Template:Percentage

Languages

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File:Distribution of Sindhi as a first, second, and third largest mother tongue by district in Pakistan.jpg
Sindhi as a first, second, and third largest mother tongue by district in Pakistan.

According to the 2023 census, the most widely spoken language in the province is Sindhi, the first language of 33,462,299 Template:Sigfig% of the population. It is followed by Urdu 12,409,745 (Template:Sigfig%), then Pashto 2,955,893 (Template:Sigfig%), Punjabi 2,265,471 (Template:Sigfig%), Balochi 1,208,147 (Template:Sigfig%), Saraiki 913,418 (Template:Sigfig%), and Hindko 830,581 (Template:Sigfig), Brahui 265,769, Mewati 57,059, Kashmiri 53,249, Balti 27,193, Shina 22,273, Koshistani 14,885, 777 Kalasha and others are 1,151,650,[109] Other minority languages include Kutchi, Gujarati,[110] Aer, Bagri, Bhaya, Brahui, Dhatki, Ghera, Goaria, Gurgula, Jadgali, Jandavra, Jogi, Kabutra, Kachi Koli, Parkari Koli, Wadiyari Koli, Loarki, Marwari, Sansi, and Vaghri.[111]

Geography and nature

File:Manora Beach 1100641.JPG
Peninsula of Manora
File:Blackbuck1-Kirthar National Park.jpg
Sindh ibex in Kirthar National Park

Sindh is in the western corner of South Asia, bordering the Iranian plateau in the west. Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about Template:Convert from north to south and Template:Convert (extreme) or Template:Convert (average) from east to west, with an area of Template:Convert of Pakistani territory. Sindh is bounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west and the Arabian Sea and Rann of Kutch to the south. In the centre is a fertile plain along the Indus River.

Sindh is divided into three main geographical regions: Siro ("upper country"), aka Upper Sindh, which is above Sehwan; Vicholo ("middle country"), or Middle Sindh, from Sehwan to Hyderabad; and Lāṟu ("sloping, descending country"), or Lower Sindh, mostly consisting of the Indus Delta below Hyderabad.[112]

Flora

Sindhri mangoes is among top 10 mango varieties in the world
Sindhri is among top 10 mango varieties in the world.[113]

The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. The dwarf palm, Acacia rupestris (kher), and Tecomella undulata (lohirro) trees are typical of the western hill region. In the Indus valley, the Acacia nilotica (babul) (babbur) is the most dominant and occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The Azadirachta indica (neem) (nim), Zizyphys vulgaris (bir) (ber), Tamarix orientalis (jujuba lai) and Capparis aphylla (kirir) are among the more common trees.

Mango, date palms and the more recently introduced banana, guava, orange and chiku are the typical fruit-bearing trees. The coastal strip and the creeks abound in semi-aquatic and aquatic plants and the inshore Indus delta islands have forests of Avicennia tomentosa (timmer) and Ceriops candolleana (chaunir) trees. Water lilies grow in abundance in the numerous lakes and ponds, particularly in the lower Sindh region.Template:Citation needed

Fauna

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File:Schnabeldelphin-drawing.jpg
Indus river dolphin

Among the wild animals, the Sindh ibex (sareh), blackbuck, wild sheep (Urial or gadh) and wild bear are found in the western rocky range. The leopard is now rare and the Asiatic cheetah extinct. The Pirrang (large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert region is also disappearing. Deer occur in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do the Striped hyena (charakh), jackal, fox, porcupine, common gray mongoose and hedgehog. The Sindhi phekari, red lynx or Caracal cat, is found in some areas. Phartho (hog deer) and wild bear occur, particularly in the central inundation belt. There are bats, lizards and reptiles, including the cobra, lundi (viper) and the mysterious Sindh krait of the Thar region, which is supposed to suck the victim's breath in his sleep. Some unusual sightings of Asian cheetah occurred in 2003 near the Balochistan border in Kirthar Mountains. The rare Houbara bustard finds Sindh's warm climate suitable to rest and mate. Unfortunately, it is hunted by locals and foreigners.

Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus, eastern Nara channel and Karachi backwater. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked dolphin, rorqual or blue whale and skates frequent the seas along the Sindh coast. The Pallo (Sable fish), a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn. The Indus river dolphin is among the most endangered species in Pakistan and is found in the part of the Indus river in northern Sindh. Hog deer and wild bear occur, particularly in the central inundation belt.

Although Sindh has a semi arid climate, through its coastal and riverine forests, its huge fresh water lakes and mountains and deserts, Sindh supports a large amount of varied wildlife. Due to the semi-arid climate of Sindh the left out forests support an average population of jackals and snakes. The national parks established by the Government of Pakistan in collaboration with many organizations such as World Wide Fund for Nature and Sindh Wildlife Department support a huge variety of animals and birds. The Kirthar National Park in the Kirthar range spreads over more than 3000 km2 of desert, stunted tree forests and a lake. The KNP supports Sindh ibex, wild sheep (urial) and black bear along with the rare leopard. There are also occasional sightings of The Sindhi phekari, ped lynx or Caracal cat. There is a project to introduce tigers and Asian elephants too in KNP near the huge Hub Dam Lake. Between July and November when the monsoon winds blow onshore from the ocean, giant olive ridley turtles lay their eggs along the seaward side. The turtles are protected species. After the mothers lay and leave them buried under the sands the SWD and WWF officials take the eggs and protect them until they are hatched to keep them from predators.

Climate

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File:Ayub.jpg
Lansdowne Railway Bridge

Sindh lies in a tropical to subtropical region; it is hot in the summer and mild to warm in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above Template:Convert between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of Template:Convert occurs during December and January in the northern and higher elevated regions. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August. The southwest monsoon wind begins in mid-February and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January.

Sindh lies between the two monsoons—the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by the Himalayan mountains—and escapes the influence of both. The region's scarcity of rainfall is compensated by the inundation of the Indus twice a year, caused by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season.

Sindh is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (the upper region, centred on Jacobabad), Wicholo (the middle region, centred on Hyderabad), and Lar (the lower region, centred on Karachi). The thermal equator passes through upper Sindh, where the air is generally very dry. Central Sindh's temperatures are generally lower than those of upper Sindh but higher than those of lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are typical during the summer. Central Sindh's maximum temperature typically reaches Template:Convert. Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the southwestern winds in summer and northeastern winds in winter, with lower rainfall than Central Sindh. Lower Sindh's maximum temperature reaches about Template:Convert. In the Kirthar range at Template:Convert and higher at Gorakh Hill and other peaks in Dadu District, temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snowfall is received in the winters.

Major cities

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List of major cities in Sindh
Rank City District(s) Population Image
1 Karachi Nazimabad, Orangi, Gulshan, Korangi, Malir, Keamari, Karachi 18,868,021 File:Jinnah Mausoleum (cropped).JPG
2 Hyderabad Hyderabad 1,921,275 File:Mir Karam Ali Khan Talpur Tombs were restored in 2016 1.jpg
3 Sukkur Sukkur 563,851 File:Rohri.jpg
4 Larkana Larkana 551,716 File:Mohen Jo Daro.JPG
5 Benazirabad[114] Shaheed Benazirabad 363,138 File:Tomb of Mian Noor Muhammad Kalhoro.JPG
6 Kotri Jamshoro 106,615 File:Kotri Barrage Indus River.jpg
7 Mirpur Khas Mirpur Khas 267,833 File:Chitorri Graveyard view4.JPG
8 Shikarpur Shikarpur 204,938
Clock Tower Shikarpur
9 Jacobabad Jacobabad 219,315 File:Jacobabad Junction railway station.jpg
10 Khairpur Khairpur 191,044 File:FaizMahal.jpg
Source: Pakistan Census 2023[115]
This is a list of city proper populations and does not indicate metro populations.

Government

Sindh province

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File:Capra ibex ibex – 03.jpg
Sindh ibex, the provincial animal[116]
File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.AVES.25872 - Melanoperdix niger niger Vigors, 1829 - Phasianidae - skin specimen.jpeg
Black partridge, the provincial bird[117]
File:Neem-Tree.jpg
Neem Tree, the provincial tree[118]

The Provincial Assembly of Sindh is a unicameral and consists of 168 seats, of which 5% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. The provincial capital of Sindh is Karachi. The provincial government is led by Chief Minister who is directly elected by the popular and landslide votes; the Governor serves as a ceremonial representative nominated and appointed by the President of Pakistan. The administrative boss of the province who is in charge of the bureaucracy is the Chief Secretary Sindh, who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Most of the influential Sindhi tribes in the province are involved in Pakistan's politics.

In addition, Sindh's politics leans towards the left-wing and its political culture serves as a dominant place for the left-wing spectrum in the country.[119] The province's trend towards the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and away from the Pakistan Muslim League (N) can be seen in nationwide general elections, in which Sindh is a stronghold of the PPP.[119] The PML(N) has a limited support due to its centre-right agenda.[120]

In metropolitan cities such as Karachi and Hyderabad, the MQM (another party of the left with the support of Muhajirs) has a considerable vote bank and support.[119] Minor leftist parties such as the People's Movement also found support in rural areas of the province.[121]

Divisions

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In 2008, after the public elections, the new government decided to restore the structure of Divisions of all provinces.[122] In Sindh after the lapse of the Local Governments Bodies term in 2010 the Divisional Commissioners system was to be restored.[123][124][125]

In July 2011, following excessive violence in the city of Karachi and after the political split between the ruling PPP and the majority party in Sindh, the MQM and after the resignation of the MQM Governor of Sindh, PPP and the Government of Sindh decided to restore the commissionerate system in the province. As a consequence, the five divisions of Sindh were restored – namely Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas and Larkana with their respective districts. Subsequently, a new division was added in Sindh, the Nawab Shah/Shaheed Benazirabad division.[126]

Karachi district has been de-merged into its five original constituent districts: Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South and Malir. Recently Korangi has been upgraded to the status of the sixth district of Karachi. These six districts form the Karachi Division now.[127] In 2020, the Kemari District was created after splitting Karachi West District.[128] Currently the Sindh government is planning to divide the Tharparkar district into Tharparkar and Chhachro districts.[129]

Districts

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File:Sindh Districts.svg
Sr. No. District Headquarters Area 
(km2) 		Population 
(in 2023)[130] 		Density 
(people/km2) 		Division
1 Badin Badin 6,858 1,947,081 285 Hyderabad
2 Dadu Dadu 7,866 1,742,320 222 Hyderabad
3 Ghotki Mirpur Mathelo 6,083 1,772,609 291 Sukkur
4 Hyderabad Hyderabad 993 2,432,540 2,449 Hyderabad
5 Jacobabad Jacobabad 2,698 1,174,097 434 Larkana
6 Jamshoro Jamshoro 11,204 1,117,308 100 Hyderabad
7 Karachi Central North Nazimabad 69 3,822,325 55,839 Karachi
7 Karachi East Gulshan e Iqbal 139 3,921,742 28,220 Karachi
7 Karachi South Saddar Karachi 122 2,329,764 19,105 Karachi
7 Karachi West Orangi Town 370 2,679,380 7,238 Karachi
7 Korangi Korangi 108 3,128,971 28,969 Karachi
7 Keamari Moriro Mirbahar 559 2,068,451 3,700 Karachi
7 Malir Malir 2,160 2,432,248 1,127 Karachi
8 Kashmore Kandhkot 2,580 1,233,957 477 Larkana
9 Khairpur Khairpur 15,910 2,597,535 163 Sukkur
10 Larkana Larkana 1,948 1,784,453 916 Larkana
11 Matiari Matiari 1,417 849,383 599 Hyderabad
12 Mirpur Khas Mirpur Khas 2,925 1,681,386 575 Mirpur Khas
13 Naushahro Feroze Naushahro Feroze 2,945 1,777,082 603 Shaheed Benazir Abad
14 Shaheed Benazirabad Nawabshah 4,502 1,845,102 410 Shaheed Benazir Abad
15 Qambar Shahdadkot Qambar 5,475 1,514,869 276 Larkana
16 Sanghar Sanghar 10,728 2,308,465 215 Mirpur Khas
17 Shikarpur Shikarpur 2,512 1,386,330 552 Larkana
18 Sukkur Sukkur 5,165 1,639,897 318 Sukkur
19 Tando Allahyar Tando Allahyar 1,554 922,012 593 Hyderabad
20 Tando Muhammad Khan Tando Muhammad Khan 1,423 726,119 509 Hyderabad
21 Tharparkar Mithi 19,637 1,778,407 91 Mirpur Khas
22 Thatta Thatta 8,570 1,083,191 127 Hyderabad
22 Sujawal Sujawal 8,785 839,292 96 Hyderabad
23 Umerkot Umerkot 5,608 1,159,831 207 Mirpur Khas

Tehsils

Template:Main In Sindh, talukas are equivalent to the tehsils used elsewhere in the country.

Template:Static row numbers

Tehsil Area (km²)[131] Population (2023)[131] Density (ppl/km²) (2023)[131] Districts Divisions
Badin Tehsil 1,816 490,386 270.04 Badin District Hyderabad Division
Matli Tehsil 1,143 471,100 412.16
Shaheed Fazil Rahu Tehsil 1,642 374,854 228.29
Talhar Tehsil 569 184,206 323.74
Tando Bago Tehsil 1,688 426,535 252.69
Jati Tehsil 3,489 214,710 61.54 Sujawal District
Kharo Chan Tehsil 778 11,403 14.66
Mirpur Bathoro Tehsil 698 231,735 332
Shah Bandar Tehsil 3,074 168,911 54.95
Sujawal Tehsil 746 212,533 284.90
Ghorabari Tehsil 1,018 198,920 195.40 Thatta District
Keti Bunder 771 63,217 81.99
Mirpur Sakro Tehsil 2,958 376,078 127.14
Thatta Tehsil 3,823 444,976 116.39
Dadu Tehsil 846 508,607 601.19 Dadu District
Johi Tehsil 3,509 333,179 94.95
Khairpur Nathan Shah Tehsil 2,583 379,975 147.11
Mehar Tehsil 928 520,559 560.95
Hyderabad City Tehsil 43 778,132 18,096.09 Hyderabad District
Hyderabad Tehsil 711 511,265 719.08
Latifabad Tehsil 204 800,983 3,926.39
Qasimabad Tehsil 35 342,160 9,776.00
Kotri Tehsil 1,051 472,003 244.10 Jamshoro District
Sehwan Tehsil 2,160 322,011 149.08
Manjhand Tehsil 2,303 161,794 70.28
Thana Bulla Khan Tehsil 5,690 161,500 28.39
Hala Tehsil 488 286,155 586.38 Matiari District
Matiari Tehsil 568 377,945 665.40
Saeedabad Tehsil 361 185,283 513.25
Chamber Tehsil 483 233,424 483.28 Tando Allahyar District
Jhando Mari Tehsil 626 266,665 425.98
Tando Allahyar Tehsil 445 421,923 948.14
Bulri Shah Karim Tehsil 770 247,027 320.81 Tando Muhammad Khan District
Tando Ghulam Hyder Tehsil 390 206,665 529.91
Tando Muhammad Khan Tehsil 263 272,427 1,035.84
Gulberg Town 14 613,724 43,837.43 Karachi Central District Karachi Division
Liaquatabad Town 6 547,706 91,284.33
New Karachi Town 18 1,165,742 64,763.44
North Nazimabad Town 23 922,413 40,104.91
Nazimabad 8 572,740 71,592.50
Jamshed Town 11 656,014 59,637.64 Karachi East District
Ferozabad 20 1,167,692 58,384.60
Gulshan-e-Iqbal 29 979,502 33,775.93
Gulzar-e-Hijri 79 1,118,534 14,158.66
Lyari Town 6 949,878 158,313.00 Karachi South District
Saddar Town 35 159,363 4,553.23
Aram Bagh 4 237,224 59,306.00
Civil Line 73 480,480 6,581.92
Garden 4 502,819 125,704.75
Orangi Town 9 596,919 66,324.33 Karachi West District
Manghopir 342 1,081,753 3,163.02
Mominabad 19 1,000,708 52,668.84
Korangi Town 59 1,363,992 23,118.51 Korangi District
Landhi Town 19 681,294 35,857.58
Shah Faisal Town 21 641,894 30,566.38
Model Colony 9 441,791 49,087.89
Bin Qasim 447 322,915 722.40 Malir District
Gadap Town 1,104 100,351 90.90
Airport 41 254,370 6,204.15
Ibrahim Hyderi 97 1,341,638 13,831.32
Murad Memon Goth 195 376,987 1,933.27
Shah Mureed 276 35,987 130.39
Keamari Town 50 451,801 9,036.02 Keamari District
Baldia Town 34 948,597 27,899.91
S.I.T.E. Town 25 449,120 17,964.80
Maripur 450 218,933 486.52
Garhi Khairo Tehsil 733 193,297 263.72 Jacobabad District Larkana Division
Jacobabad Tehsil 664 447,647 674.11
Thul Tehsil 1,301 533,153 409.81
Kandhkot Tehsil 654 407,592 623.23 Kashmore District
Kashmore Tehsil 1,262 487,601 386.37
Tangwani Tehsil 664 338,764 510.19
Bakrani Tehsil 425 275,268 647.69 Larkana District
Dokri Tehsil 412 257,394 624.74
Larkana Tehsil 549 873,868 1,591.74
Ratodero Tehsil 562 377,923 672.46
Mirokhan Tehsil 374 182,461 487.92 Qambar Shahdadkot District
Nasirabad Tehsil 309 174,708 565.47
Qambar Tehsil 2,260 448,990 198.67
Qubo Saeed Khan Tehsil 1,033 99,308 96.13
Shahdadkot Tehsil 419 225,086 537.53
Sijawal Junejo Tehsil 385 130,635 339.31
Warah Tehsil 695 253,681 365.01
Garhi Yasin Tehsil 971 333,289 343.24 Shikarpur District
Khanpur Tehsil 629 331,219 526.58
Lakhi Tehsil 351 300,490 856.10
Shikarpur Tehsil 561 421,332 751.04
Daharki Tehsil 2,088 335,145 160.51 Ghotki District Sukkur Division
Ghotki Tehsil 763 540,939 708.96
Khan Garh Tehsil (Khanpur) 1,986 162,318 81.73
Mirpur Mathelo Tehsil 593 350,647 591.31
Ubauro Tehsil 653 383,560 587.38
Faiz Ganj Tehsil 946 243,254 257.14 Khairpur District
Gambat Tehsil 582 286,129 491.63
Khairpur Tehsil 585 465,233 795.27
Kingri Tehsil 531 370,304 697.37
Kot Diji Tehsil 520 385,872 742.06
Nara Tehsil 11,611 173,968 14.98
Sobho Dero Tehsil 504 293,160 581.67
Thari Mirwah Tehsil 631 379,615 601.61
New Sukkur Tehsil 109 356,473 3,270.39 Sukkur District
Pano Akil Tehsil 1,042 457,078 438.65
Rohri Tehsil 807 421,500 522.30
Salehpat Tehsil 2,957 137,738 46.58
Sukkur Tehsil 250 267,108 1,068.43
Bhiria Tehsil 488 330,308 676.86 Naushahro Feroze District Shaheed Benazirabad Division
Kandiaro Tehsil 771 356,506 462.39
Mehrabpur Tehsil 361 273,764 758.35
Moro Tehsil 609 408,148 670.19
Naushahro Feroze Tehsil 717 408,356 569.53
Kazi Ahmed Tehsil 972 402,834 414.44 Shaheed Benazirabad District
Daur Tehsil (2004) 2,210 532,621 241.00
Nawabshah Tehsil (1907) 435 481,978 1,108.00
Sakrand Tehsil (1858) 885 427,669 483.24
Jam Nawaz Ali Tehsil 440 171,598 390.00 Sanghar District
Khipro Tehsil 5,933 366,748 61.81
Sanghar Tehsil 2,118 482,560 227.84
Shahdadpur Tehsil 890 525,164 590.07
Sinjhoro Tehsil 907 354,709 391.08
Tando Adam Khan Tehsil 440 407,686 926.56
Digri Tehsil 572 234,578 410.10 Mirpur Khas District Mirpur Khas Division
Hussain Bux Mari Tehsil 209 172,143 823.70
Jhuddo Tehsil 363 230,285 634.39
Kot Ghulam Muhammad Tehsil 762 310,142 407.01
Mirpur Khas Tehsil 24 287,802 11,991.75
Shujabad Tehsil 396 185,654 468.82
Sindhri Tehsil 599 260,782 435.36
Chachro Tehsil 3,386 371,769 109.80 Tharparkar District
Dahli Tehsil 2,126 326,034 153.36
Diplo Tehsil 2,872 163,119 56.80
Kaloi Tehsil 922 129,677 140.65
Islamkot Tehsil 3,515 265,643 75.57
Mithi Tehsil 2,954 239,091 80.94
Nagarparkar Tehsil 3,862 283,074 73.30
Kunri Tehsil 585 237,063 405.24 Umerkot District
Pithoro Tehsil 855 130,383 152.49
Samaro Tehsil 959 184,051 191.92
Umerkot Tehsil 3,209 608,334 189.57

Lower-level subdivisions

Supervisory tapas correspond to the kanungo circles used elsewhere in the country, tapas correspond with the patwar circles used in other provinces, and dehs are equivalent to the mouzas used elsewhere.[132]

Towns and villages

Economy

File:PK Karachi asv2020-02 img22 Chundrigar Road.jpg
A view of Karachi downtown, the capital of Sindh province

Template:Excerpt

File:Qayoom Abad Bridge.JPG
Qayoom Abad Bridge Karachi
File:PK Hyderabad asv2020-02 img15 Navalrai Market tower.jpg
Navalrai Market Clock Tower Hyderabad
File:Sukkur Skyline along the shores of the River Indus.jpg
Sukkur skyline along the shores of the River Indus

Education

File:Photograph of the D.J. Sind Arts College (now known as the D. J. Government Science College) of Karachi 1893.jpg
Dayaram Jethmal College (D.J. College), Karachi, in the 19th century
File:Hindu Gymkhana Karachi.jpeg
National Academy of Performing Arts, Karachi
Year Literacy rate
1972 60.77
1981 37.5%
1998 45.29%
2017 54.57%[133]
2023 57.54%[134]

Universities

Template:Excerpt Other major public and private educational institutes in Sindh include:

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Culture

Template:Main

File:Children in a village, Sindh, Pakistan, April 2012 (8405077775).jpg
Children in a rural area of Sindh, 2012
File:Temple in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg
Sant Nenuram Ashram

The rich culture, art and architectural landscape of Sindh have fascinated historians. The culture, folktales, art and music of Sindh form a mosaic of human history.[135]

Cultural heritage

File:Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro-108221.jpg
Archaeological ruins at Moenjodaro, Sindh, Pakistan
File:Grand Mosque at Banbhore.jpg
The ruins of an ancient mosque at Bhambore
File:Women in Sindh.jpg
Sindhi women collecting water from a reservoir on the way to Mubarak Village

The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Damascus, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul, Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten (an English traveller who visited Sindh in the early 19th century) asserted that the articles of Hala could be compared with exquisite specimens of China. Technological improvements such as the spinning wheel (charkha) and treadle (pai-chah) in the weaver's loom were gradually introduced and the processes of designing, dyeing and printing by block were refined. The refined, lightweight, colourful, washable fabrics from Hala became a luxury for people used to the woollens and linens of the age.[136]

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the World Wildlife Fund, Pakistan, play an important role to promote the culture of Sindh. They provide training to women artisans in Sindh so they get a source of income. They promote their products under the name of "Crafts Forever". Many women in rural Sindh are skilled in the production of caps. Sindhi caps are manufactured commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. Sindhi people began celebrating Sindhi Topi Day on 6 December 2009, to preserve the historical culture of Sindh by wearing Ajrak and Sindhi topi.[137]

File:House in the Thar.JPG
Huts in the Thar desert

Tourism

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CNIC Codes

See also

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Notes

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References

Template:Reflist there is 90million only.

Bibliography

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Template:Sister project links

Template:Sindh topics Template:Districts of Sindh Template:List of districts of Pakistan Template:Administrative units of Pakistan Template:Pakistan topics Template:Authority control

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